Chapter 18: America Transformed into the Industrial Giant of the World (1870– 1910)

Taylorism

Following management practices of the industrial engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor, the belief that factories should be managed in a scientific manner, utilizing techniques that would increase the efficiency of the individual workers and the factory process as a whole

Horizontal integration

Strategy of gaining as much control over a single industry as possible, often by creating trusts and holding companies; this strategy was utilized by John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil

Vertical integration

Strategy of gaining as much control over a single industry as possible by controlling the production, marketing, and distribution of the finished product

"Gospel of Wealth"

Philosophy of Andrew Carnegie who believed that wealthy industrialists had an obligation to help local communities and philanthropic organizations

Knights of Labor

Established in the 1880s, this was the major union of that decade

American Federation of Labor

National labor union formed by Samuel Gompers in 1886; original goal was to organize skilled workers by craft

Industrial Workers of the World

More radical than the American Federation of Labor, this union was formed in 1905 and attempted to unionize unskilled workers not recruited by the AFL

Gilded Age

Depiction of late nineteenth-century America that emphasizes a surface of great prosperity hiding problems of social inequality and cultural shallowness

Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883)

Federal act that established a civil service system at the federal level

Tammany Hall

Political machine that ran New York City Democratic and city politics became a model for other urban political machines in the late 1800s

1869

Knights of Labor founded in Philadelphia

1870

Beginning of Tammany Halls control over New York City politics

1877

Major strike of railroad workers; President Hayes sends in federal troops to break up strike in Pittsburgh

1879

Publication of Progress and Poverty by Henry George

1881

Assassination of President James Garfield

1882

Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress

1883

Pendleton Civil Service Act enacted

1885

Completion of Home Insurance Company building in Chicago, Americas first skyscraper

1886

Haymarket Square demonstration and bombing in Chicago

1887

Interstate Commerce Act enacted

1888

New Jersey passes legislation allowing holding companies

1890

Publication of How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis

1892

Ellis Island opens to process immigrants on the East Coast

1893

Beginning of major depression in America

1894

March of Coxeys Army on Washington, DC United States becomes worlds largest manufacturing producer

1896

Decisive victory of Republican William McKinley breaks decadeslong deadlock between Democrats and Republicans

1897

Americas first subway begins regular service in Boston

1901

Assassination of President William McKinley

1903

Ford Motor Company established

1905

Industrial Workers of the World formed

1906

Publication of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair

1909

Strike of International Ladies Garment Workers Union in New York City

1910

Angel Island opens to process immigrants on West Coast Number of American children attending school nears 60 percent

1913

Webb Alien Land Law enacted, prohibiting aliens from owning farmland in California

1913

Ford Motor Company begins to use assembly line techniques; 250,000 automobiles produced in one year

1896

America begins to recover from great depression of early 1890s

Second Industrial Revolution

This revolution brought new industries like steel and chemicals, power sources like electricity and petroleum, and business structures like trusts to these Americans.

invisible hand

In the late 19th century, most American leaders believed in laissez faire economics and left business development to the "__________" of the market.

steel

The ______industry thrived by supplying railroads, builders, and other industries.

oil industry

The _______ provided fuel to factories as well as homes.

High-grade machine

_________ products enabled businessmen to launch new industries.

Anthracite

_________ coal mines in Pennsylvania and West Virginia lowered coal prices and accelerated the switch to steam power.

Steel production

These production flourished around Birmingham, Alabama, thanks to Apostles of the New South.

Modern textile

These mills in the South took advantage of cheap labor and raw materials.

American Tobacco Company

The Company started a new industry in Dixie with machine-made cigarettes.

Frederick W. Taylor

A mechanical engineer, founded "scientific management."

by the piece

Taylor advocated paying workers "_________" to encourage production.

Henry Ford

He established Ford Motor Company

craft

In 1910, Ford’s company produced 12,000 cars using a "__________" approach.

Andrew Carnegie

A penniless eight-year-old who immigrated to the US, became one of the world's richest men by manufacturing steel.

John D. Rockefeller

Standard Oil, founded by ____________, once dominated American oil.

Interstate Commerce Act

The ____________ of 1887 banned business collusion that hurt consumers.

trust

This allowed subsidiary company stockholders to "trust" their shares to Standard Oil's corporate board.

Social Darwinists

___________ like William Graham Sumner believed human interactions reflected Charles Darwin's "natural selection" principle.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's "__________" softened Social Darwinism.

Robber Barons

Despite their charitable giving, many industrialists of this period were called "__________" for their Social Darwinist treatment of workers.

**Knights of Labor**

They were the most influential 1870s union. They sought to represent all workers, not just shoemakers. Their union recruited immigrants, African Americans, and women.

Haymarket Square tragedy

The tragedy convinced many Americans that labor organizations like the Knights of Labor fostered violent extremism.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

This outperformed the Knights of Labor.

Samuel Gompers

A tough and cunning leader, kept the AFL away from political and social radicalism for many years.

1892 Carnegie Steel Company

The __________ strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania, and the 1894 American Railway Union strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company garnered national attention.

1894 American Railway Union

The _________ strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company garnered national attention.

Eugene V. Debs

he led the American Railway Union (ARU).

Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)

Western industrial miners formed this union under harsh working conditions.

Wobblies

Members of the IWW

Big Bill Haywood

The leader of the IWW was _________ of the Western Federation of Miners.

International Ladies Garment Workers Union

This Union struck New York City in 1909.

Angel Island

Island in San Francisco was a Pacific Coast reception center.

1882 Chinese Exclusion Act

This restricted Chinese laborers' entry into the US.

Chinatowns

Many Chinese moved to ethnically homogenous "_____________" in big cities to avoid racism.

1898 annexation

Hawaii's _______ allowed Japanese residents to work on farms in California.

San Francisco Board of Education

In 1906, the ___________ separated Asian students into separate schools.

Webb Alien Land Law

The persistently anti-Japanese Californians passed the ____________ in 1913, barring noncitizen Asians from owning land in the state.

Lower East Side

New York City's ___________ was the world's *most densely populated* at the end of the nineteenth century.

elevated trains

New York City introduced this in 1867

subway

Boston introduced this in 1897.

Louis Sullivan

From Chicago, he designed the first "skyscrapers."

Home Insurance Company

This company building in Chicago, completed in 1885, was a pioneering office building. The ten-story building had four elevators.

Mark Twain

Her popularized the term Gilded Age

Congressman James Garfield

From Ohio, he’s the Republican nominee, also called for spoils system reform.

President Chester A. Arthur

He who supported the spoils system, supported reform.

Pendleton Civil Service Act

Congress passed this act in 1883 to remove political control over government jobs.

**James Blaine**

Maine Senator **__________** was the Republican nominee.

* He was accused of accepting stock for supporting railroad bills.

**Grover Cleveland**

New York Governor **________** was the Democratic nominee. He had an illegitimate child as a young man. “Ma, Ma, where's my Pa!” Republicans chanted during the election.

tariffs and currency

The Gilded Age's biggest political issues were __________.

**Benjamin Harrison**

* Cleveland lost the Electoral College despite winning the popular vote. _____________, his Republican opponent, became president.

William McKinley

He was considered as the first “modern“ president because of the way he organized and concentrated power in his office.

Mark Hanna

The modern presidential campaign was started by ________, McKinley's campaign manager.

Tammany

The most famous political machine was New York City's _________ Hall.

William M. Tweed

The Tammany boss, and a corrupt group of officials stole millions from City Hall in the 1860s and 1870s.

Edward Bellamy

he wrote Looking Backward in 1888

Jacob Riis

He wrote How the Other Half Lives in 1890

The Jungle

Upton Sinclair’s expose written in 1906; mainly about Chicago's meatpacking industry, made waves.

nationalism

In 2000 Boston, the book's hero discovers peaceful economic "___________" has replaced unfettered capitalism.