UTS - Midterm Review (SEM 1)

Chapter 1-4

Socrates

Socrates

Believed that An unexamined life is not worth living.

Plato

Believed that The self is an immortal soul.

Aristotle

Believed that The soul is the essence of the self

St. Augustine

Believed that The soul is superior to the body.

Rene Descartes

“Cogito, ergo sum” I Think, Therefore I am is the keystone of this philosopher’s concept of the self

John Locke

Believed that The Self is consciousness.

David Hume

Scottish philosopher who believed that There is no self

Immanuel Kant

German philosopher that stated that The self transcends experiences

Sigmund Freud

Austrian psychoanalyst who believed that The self is multilayered

Gilbert Ryle

British philosopher who believed that The self is the way people behave or “I act, therefore, I am”

Paul Churchland

Canadian philosopher who believed that The self is the brain

Maurice Merleau - Ponty

French philosopher who believed that The self is embodied subjectivity

soul

the self is synonymous to the ____

who we are, who we should be, and who we will become

Socrates is the first to focus on the full power of reason on human self:

Physical and Ideal

Socrates suggests that reality consists of two dichotomous realms:

Socrates

Suggested that man must live an examined life and a life of purpose and value

Introspection

a method of carefully examining one’s thoughts and emotions to gain self-knowledge

Physical

This realm is Changeable, Transient, Imperfect, physical world in which man lives

Ideal

This realm is Unchanging, eternal, Immortal, and Includes all intellectual essence of the universe and concepts such as truth, goodness, and beauty

body

belongs to the physical realm

soul

belongs to the ideal realm

self-knowledge and purification of the soul

Plato stated that Philosophy can be explained as a process of 2 things

Reason, Physical Appetite, and Spirit/Passion

3 parts of the soul according to Plato

Reason

Part of the soul which is the divine essence that enables us to think deeply, make wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.

Physical Appetite

Part of the soul which includes our basic biological needs such as hunger, thirst, and sexual despair.

Spirit or Passion

Part of the soul which includes basic emotions, such as love and anger.

Reason

Plato believes that genuine happiness can only be achieved by people who consistently make sure that their ______ is in control of their Spirit and Appetite.

The World of Forms and The World of Sense

Plato’s theory of forms introduced the concept of 2 worlds:

The World of Forms

World that is real and permanent.

The World of Sense

World that is temporary and only a replica of the ideal world.

Aristotle

Believes that the soul is merely a set of defining features and does not consider the body and soul as separate entities.

soul

Aristotle believed that this is the essence of the self.

Vegetative Soul, Sentient Soul, Rational Soul

THREE KINDS OF SOULS by Aristotle

Vegetative Soul

Kind of Soul which Includes the physical body that can grow

Sentient Soul

Kind of Soul which Includes sensual desires, feelings, and emotions

Rational Soul

Kind of Soul which makes man human

St. Augustine

Believes that the physical body is radically different from and inferior to its inhabitant, the immortal soul.

spouse, natural appetite

St. Augustine came to view the body as the “______” of the soul and both attached to one another by a “______ _______”

Rene Descartes

father of modern philosophy

Rene Descartes

For him the act of thinking about the self – of being self-conscious- is proof that there is a self

Self as Thinking Entity and Self as Physical Body

TWO DIMENSIONS OF THE HUMAN SELF

Self as Thinking Entity

Dimension of the Human self that is a non-material, immortal, and conscious being that is independent of the physical laws of the universe

Self as Physical Body

Dimension of the Human self that is a material, mortal, non-thinking entity, fully governed by the physical laws of nature.

soul and body

Acc. to Rene Descartes, the ___ and ____ are independent of one another, and each can exist and function without the other; thus, the thinking self can exist independently of the physical body

tabula rasa

John Locke stated that the human mind at birth is a blank slate or in Latin called ______ ____.

conscious awareness and a memory of previous experiences

For Locke, these are the keys to understanding the self

Self-consciousness

This is necessary to have a coherent personal (self) identity or knowledge of the self as a person

David Hume

According to this philosopher, what people experience is just a bundle or collection of different perceptions.

Impressions and Ideas

Hume states that if people carefully examine the contents of their experience, they will find that there are only distinct entities:

Impressions

This entity is the basic sensations of people’s experience, such as hate love, joy, and grief; and are vivid perceptions and are strong and lively

Ideas

This entity is the thoughts and images from impressions, so they are less lively and vivid.

reason

Kant stated that the self is the product of ______

Immanuel Kant

Stated that it is the self that makes experiencing an intelligible world possible because it is the self that is actively organizing and synthesizing all thoughts and perceptions

conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

Freud holds that the self consists of three layers:

conscious

[Freud] layer of the self that is governed by the “reality principle” and is organized in ways that are rational, practical, and appropriate to the environment.

unconscious

[Freud] layer of the self that is the basic instinctual drives, including sexuality, aggressiveness, and self-destruction; “Pleasure principle”

preconscious

[Freud] layer of the self where material that is not threatening and is easily brought to mind and is located between the conscious and unconscious parts of the self

Gilbert Ryle

States that the self is best understood as a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition of a person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances.

eliminative materialism

[Paul Churchland] advocates the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and the physiology of the body called _____ _____

Looking Glass Self

introduced to highlight that the people whom a person interacts with becomes a mirror in which he or she views himself or herself.

Charles Horton Cooley

who introduced the Looking-Glass Self

Self-identity or self-image

achieved through a threefold event that begins by conceiving an idea of how a person presents themselves to others, how they analyze how others perceive them, and how they create an image of themselves

“I” and “Me”

Mead’s theory of the social self explains that the self has two divisions:

I

[Mead’s theory of the social self] the subjective element and the active side of the self

Me

[Mead’s theory of the social self] Is the objective element of the self that represents the internalized attitudes and demands of other people and an individual awareness of those demands

I and Me

The full development of the self is attained when the __ and ___ are united.

George Herbert Mead

Acc. to him, the self is not present at birth. It develops only with social experience in which language, gestures, and objectives are used to communicate meaningfully.

Preparatory Stage

[MEAD’S STAGE OF THE SELF] (0-3 years old), children imitate the people around them, especially family members with whom they have daily interactions.

Play Stage

[MEAD’S STAGE OF THE SELF] (3-5 years old), children start to view themselves in relation to others as they learn to communicate through language and other symbols.

Game Stage

[MEAD’S STAGE OF THE SELF] (Begins in the early school years), children understood not only their own social position but also those of others around them.

Gerry Lanuza

Acc. to him, in modern societies, the attainment and stability of self- identity are freely chosen.

Jean Baudrillard

exposes the negative consequences of postmodernity to individuals in the society

Anthropology

concerned with how cultural and biological processes interact to shape human experience

culture and the self

Contemporary anthropologists believes that the _______ and the ____ are complementary concepts that are to be understood in relation to one another

culture

defined by Edward Taylor as “…. that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, moral, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

Martin Sokefelf

believes that the concept of self is a necessary supplement to the concept of culture in anthropology and should be regarded as a human universal

egocentric and sociocentric

2 ways in which the concept of self is viewed in different societies

Egocentric

The self is seen as an autonomous and distinct individual.

Each person is defined as a replica of all humanity but can act independently from others.

Sociocentric

The self is contingent on a situation or social setting.

This is a view of the self that is context-dependent, which emphasizes that there is no intrinsic self that can possess enduring qualities.

Japanese

For anthropologist Christie Kiefer, who possesses a sociocentric view of the self, in which the membership of a person in a particular social group defines the boundaries of the self?

Chinese

Francis Hsu explains that the _______ prioritize kin ties and cooperation. For them the very essence of interpersonal relations is mutual dependence.

Americans

The _________ believe that they should be assertive and independent; they are egocentric

Identity Toolbox

Refers to the features of a person’s identity that he or she chooses to emphasize in constructing a social self; characteristics, such as kinship, gender, and age are almost universally used to differentiate people

Personal Naming

A universal practice with numerous cross-cultural variations, establishes a child’s birthright and social identity.

Name

an important device to individualize a person and legitimize him or her as a member of a social group, such as family

Separation, Liminality, Incorporation

Three-phased Rite of Passage of Arnold Van Gennep

Separation

[THREE – PHASED RITE OF PASSAGE] People detach from their identity to another.

Liminality

[THREE – PHASED RITE OF PASSAGE] A person transitions from one identity to another.

Incorporation

[THREE – PHASED RITE OF PASSAGE] The change in one’s status is officially incorporated.

identity struggles

What term did Anthony Wallace and Raymond Fogelson coin to characterize interaction in which there is a discrepancy between the identity a person claims to possess and the identity attributed to that person by others?

Four Noble Truths

basic principles of Buddhism

I-self and Me-self

William James suggests that the self is divided into two categories:

I-self

Refers or reflects the soul of a person or the mind, which is also called pure ego

Me-self

Is the empirical self, which refers to a person’s personal experiences and is further divided into subcategories.

Material self

Attributed to an individual’s physical attributes

Social self

Refers to who a person is and how he or she acts in social situations.

Spiritual self

Refers to the most intimate and important parts of the self, which includes the person’s purpose, core values, conscience, and moral behavior.

Self-concept

refers to the image of oneself

REAL SELF

[CARL ROGER’S SELF THEORY] Consists of all the ideas, including the awareness of what one is and what one can do.

IDEAL SELF

[CARL ROGER’S SELF THEORY] The person’s conception of what one should be or what one aspire to be.