AP United States History Review

Information from my class notes and from researched content

Slave Trade Act of 1794

Prohibited slave trade from the U.S. to any foreign country

Mercantilism

A nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy

Navigation Acts

The North American colonies could only export its commodities, such as tobacco and sugar, to England.

Consumer Revolution

The period from approximately 1600 to 1750 in England in which there was a marked increase in the consumption and variety of luxury goods and products by individuals from different economic and social backgrounds

Stono Rebellion

A large slave uprising on September 9, 1739, near the Stono River in South Carolina, unsuccsessful

Headright system

A land grant system that gave land to investors who paid for immigrants to move to Colonial America. It was created by the Virginia Company and first used in Jamestown in 1618

The Puritan Migration

AKA the great migration, lasted from 1620-1640 and was puritans settling the Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Pueblo Revolt

The Pueblo people, Native Americans living in what is now New Mexico, rose up against Spanish conquistadores in the wake of religious persecution, violence, and drought. The uprising aimed to reclaim Pueblo religious practices, culture, and land, which had been stripped away by Spanish conquistadores. The revolt was successful.

Metacom’s War/King Phillips War

The Native Americans' last-ditch effort to avoid recognizing English authority and stop English settlement on their native lands. Occored in southern New England.

Powhatan Wars

A relentless struggle between the Powhatan Indian confederacy and early English settlers in the tidewater section of Virginia and southern Maryland. The conflict resulted in the destruction of the Indian power.

Praying towns

Settlements established by English colonial governments in New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert local Native Americans to Christianity.

The First Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals in American Christian history in the 1730s and 1740s

Mayflower Compact

An agreement that bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth Colony

John Rolfe

English merchant and explorer, pocahontas’ husband

Bacon’s Rebellion

An armed rebellion held by Virginia settlers that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused Bacon's request to drive Native American Indians out of Virginia. An early example of English tyranny.

House of Burgesses

The first English representative government in North America in the Jamestown Colony

Johnathan Edwards

A theologian who preeched his though during the first great awakening

Quakers

Lived in Pennsylvania, ethnic diversity and religious tolerance

Puritans

Came to America for economic reasons and for religious freedom, responsible for the Salem Witch Trials

Types of colonies

charters, joint-stock companies, royal colonies

Boston Massacre

A street fight that occurred on March 5, 1770, between a "patriot" mob, throwing snowballs, stones, and sticks, and a squad of British soldiers

Boston Tea Party

A protest by the Sons of Liberty in Boston

Sons of Liberty

A loosely organized, and sometimes violent, political organization active in the Thirteen American Colonies founded to advance the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government

Intolerable Acts

A series of four laws passed by the British Parliament to punish the colony of Massachusetts Bay for the Boston Tea Party, also known as the Coercive Acts

First Continental Congress

Leaders meet to debate how to get back national rights from British Parliament

Second Continental Congress

Following no help from the British Parliament after the first Continental Congress…now, independence is the only option forward

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense, supporter of overthrowing the British colonial government.

The Declaration of Independence

Written in 1776, “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness”

Albany Plan of Union

“join or die”

The French and Indian War

The French and Indian War began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The war provided Great Britain territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.

Battle of Saratoga

Colonial victory gets France to help!

Battle of Yorktown 1771

Supported by the French army and navy, Washington's forces defeated Lord Charles Cornwallis' veteran army dug in at Yorktown, Virginia.

Marquis de Lafayette

A French aristocrat who volunteer to join the continental army and help the colonist defeat the British.

Northwest Ordinance

Chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory.

Shay’s Rebellion

A populist uprising against controversial debt collection and tax policies in Massachusetts in 1786–1787.

Constitutional Convention 1787

Federalists vs. Anti-federalists, George Washington leads the creation of the Constitution in Philadelphia

Republican Motherhood

Women were responsible for the early education of the boys who would someday become voting citizens. This was considered a major responsibility.

Whiskey Rebellion

A violent tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 and ending in 1794 during the presidency of George Washington against the “whiskey tax”

Democratic-Republicans

Founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. It became the most popular political party until the 1820s. In the 1824 United States presidential election it split into several factions, one of which became the modern-day Democratic Party.

War of 1812

Fought between the United States and Great Britain, primarily over the impressment of American sailors by the British Navy, as well as disagreements over trade, western expansion, and Native American policy. Ended inconclusively.

Louisiana Purchase

Encompassed 530,000,000 acres of territory in North America that the United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Adams-onis treaty

Spain ceded East Florida to the United States and renounced all claim to West Florida

Monroe Doctrine

A United States foreign policy position that opposes European colonialism in the Western Hemisphere

Henry Clay

Helped guide a fragile Union through several critical impasses. As senator, he forged the Compromise of 1850 to maintain the Union (temporarily…). Created the American System (tariffs and a national bank to help economy).

Market Revolution

A theory in which the United States shifted from a traditional, moral economy to a more modern free-market capitalist system.

Church of Latter Day Saints

Formed by Joseph Smith who deciphered the book of Mormon

Shakers

A deeply religious movement that had elements of socialism. The Shakers lived isolated in a community of shared property with separation of the sexes (no sexual relations!) They were known to "shake away" bad deeds

The Temperance Movement

Established in 1826 to combat the drinking problems of men. It called for total abstinence from alcohol, and the effects showed the success of this movement.

Frederick Douglass

Abolitionist

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Historically known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a rebellion of enslaved Virginians

Seneca Falls Convention

The first women’s suffrage convention in the U.S., where activist and leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton drafted The Declaration of Sentiments, which called for women's equality and suffrage

Cult of Domesticity

A system of cultural beliefs governing gender roles of upper- and middle-class Americans in the 19th century (women are for babies)

The Second Great Awakening

A Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States.

Transcendentalism

A philosophical, spiritual, and literary movement that developed in the late 1820s and 1830s in the New England region of the United States.

Jay’s Treaty

Sought to settle outstanding issues between the two countries that had been left unresolved since American independence, favored the British.

Pinkney’s Treaty

A negotiation with Spain that allowed the U.S. to navigate the Mississippi River

Treaty of Greenville

Ended fighting between U.S. and Indigenous people in the Ohio territory, allowed settlers to move west.

First Bank of the United States 1791

Created by Alexander Hamilton, allowed citizens to put money in a bank in one states and withdrawal that money in another state, Democratic-Republicans did not like

Compromise of 1790

Jefferson and Madison agree to the federal government paying state debts from the Revolutionary War, Hamilton agrees to move the capital to the south (on the Potomac river)

3/5ths Compromise

Three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state's total population for legislative representation and taxation

Benjamin Franklin

A printer, inventor, scientist, and statesman, also helped to shape the U.S. Constitution and vision for the new nation

John Locke

Believed that all persons are endowed with natural rights to life, liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect those rights may be removed by the people, by force if necessary, English enlightenment thinker

Gaspee Incident 1772

Eight boatloads of armed reputable citizens overpowered the crew of the Gaspee (British ship), which had run aground in pursuit of a smuggling vessel, disabled its commander, and set fire to the ship

Samuel Adams

An American statesman, political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers, signed the Declaration of Independence and helped to write the Articles of Confederation

Battles of Lexington and Concord

First battles of the Revolutionary War

Charles Cornwallis

One of the leading British general officers in the Revolutionary War

Nathanael Greene

Commander of the Southern Department of the Continental army, he led a brilliant campaign that ended the British occupation of the South

Olive Branch Petition

Sent to the King as a last attempt to prevent formal war from being declared. The Petition emphasized their loyalty to the British crown and emphasized their rights as British citizens.

Articles of Confederation

The written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain, government couldn’t impose taxes, regulate commerce, or raise an army

Mexican American War

Stemming from the United States' annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim), resulted in Mexico losing over half of its territories

Wilmot Proviso

An unsuccessful 1846 proposal in the United States Congress to ban slavery in territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican–American War

Gold Rush

The largest migration in United States history, drawing people from various countries to California to seek their fortunes. People who participated in the gold rush where called 49rs.

Dred Scott v. Standford

If an enslaved person moves to a free state, are they free? If the person then crosses back into a slave state are they a slave again? Supreme Court that held the U.S. Constitution did not extend American citizenship to people of black African descent, and therefore they could not enjoy the rights and privileges the Constitution

Missouri Compromise 1820

Missouri= slave state, Maine= free state, established 36 30’ line, keeps balance in senate

Bleeding Kansas

Popular sovereignty turns violent

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the U.S. was designed to expand coast to coast

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ends the Mexican- American War

Compromise of 1850

California is a free state, the fugitive slave law is tightened, slave trade is prohibited in DC, written by Henry Clay

Fort Sumter 1861

Union for in South Carolina, Lincoln sends food, south fires first!

Conscription Act

Established the first national draft system and required registration by every male citizen and immigrant who had applied for citizenship between the ages of 20 and 45, you could pay $300 to avoid or hire someone to fight for you

Anaconda Plan

Goal was to defeat the Confederacy by blockading ports in the South and taking control of the Mississippi River to isolate the South from the rest of the world.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate general

Ulyses S. Grant

Union General and 18th President of the U.S.

Emancipation Proclamation 1863

Declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free."

Battle of Vicksburg

Union gets Mississippi river (civil war)

Gettysburg Address

1863 dedication of the gettysburg battlefield

13th Amendment

Outlaws slavery

Lincoln’s 10% Plan

Allow Confederate states to establish new state governments after 10 percent of their male population took loyalty oaths and the states recognized the permanent freedom of formerly enslaved people. Never happens because Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes Booth.

Freedmans Bureau

Provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.

14th Amendment

All people born in the United States are citizens

15th Amendment

African- American men granted suffrage

Sharecropping

Landowners provide seen and tools for African-American to farm, profits shared

Ku Klux Klan

Racist, violent organization that target African-Americans throughout the 19th and 20th century

Morrill Land Grant Act 1862

Gives states funds from the slave of federal lands to start agriculture colleges (Penn State)

Suspension of Habeas Corpus

Suspension of the right to speedy trial and ignorance of inconvenient parts of the constitution during the Civil War

Black Codes

Souther laws that restrict the rights of African-Americans, Ex: Vagrancy law: if you don’t own property you can be imprisoned

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson told southern states not to ratify 14th amendment (south under military control), charged with 11 counters of high crimes and misdemeanors

Great Sioux War

Pressed Sioux natives onto smaller reservations, also known as the Black Hills War

Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad was a network of routes, places, and people that helped enslaved people in the American South escape to the North, Harriet was a “conductor”

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe about the struggles of a slave, Tom, who has been sold numerous times and has to endure physical brutality by slave drivers and his masters