DNA: Genetic engineering

genetic engineering

manipulation and alteration of genes

genetically modified organisms (transgenetic)

hva genes from other species inserted into them

clone

population of genetically identical organisms descended from a single parent by mitosis

recombinant DNA

DNA from 2 different soecies is combined

plasmid

loop of bacterial DNA

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering

Isolation
cutting
transformation
introduction of base sequence changes
cloning
expresion

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering: isolation

removal or gene and plasmid

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering: cutting

cutting DNA and plasmid with the same restriction enzyme

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering: transformaion

uptake of recombinant DNA by bacterial host cell, ligation

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering: introduction of base sequence changes

order of bases in host DNA is now different

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering: cloning

many genetically identical copies of the host bacteria are made

six stages involved in the process of genetic engineering: expression

activation of the inserted gene to produce a product

ligation

joining the plasmid to the gene using the enzyme DNA ligase

role of DNA ligase

catalyst to join DNA from 2 different soecies together

restriction enzyme role

cut DNA into fragments and cut plasmid open

vector of genetic engineering and role

plasmid
will accept and carry foreign DNA forming recombinant DNA

source of DNA

human and bacterial

application of genetic engineering: sheep

used to produce clotting factors for haemophilia in theri milk

application of genetic engineering: plant

crops such as maize have been genetically engineered to provide resistances to pesticide

application of genetic engineering: microorganism

genetically modified to produce aspirin

possible errors of genetic engineering

2 plasmids attach but no target gene
plasmid combines with human DNA that has no target gene

ethical issues of genetic enigneering

risk of disease from genetically modified animals spreading to non genetically modified animals
ethical issues with vegans with the use of genetically modified organisms as food
fear that animals may suffer if geneically modified
release of genetically modified animals into environment may destroy native species