Key Events and Policies from FDR to Clinton 5/29

FDR's Philosophy

Try methods; if they fail, try again.

Polio

Disease causing FDR's lifelong disability.

New Dealers

Influenced by early 20th-century progressive reformers.

Three R's of New Deal

Relief, Recovery, Reform addressing economic issues.

Relief

Immediate action to halt economic deterioration.

Recovery

Temporary programs to restart consumer demand.

Reform

Permanent measures to prevent future economic crises.

Pump-Priming

Injecting money into economy to stimulate growth.

First Hundred Days

Period for FDR's significant legislative achievements.

National Bank Holiday

Closure of banks to stabilize financial system.

Fireside Chats

Radio broadcasts to communicate directly with Americans.

Glass-Steagall Act

Legislation separating commercial and investment banking.

TVA

Tennessee Valley Authority for regional economic development.

AAA

Agricultural Adjustment Act to stabilize farm prices.

PWA

Public Works Administration for infrastructure projects.

CCC

Civilian Conservation Corps providing jobs in conservation.

NRA

National Recovery Administration promoting fair competition.

Hoover's Trickle Down

Economic theory favoring business benefits trickling down.

FDR's Cabinet

Included progressive reformers to implement New Deal.

Consumer Spending

Key factor for economic recovery in the US.

Executive Power Expansion

FDR increased presidential authority during crises.

Emergency Banking Act

Allowed president to close banks for inspection.

FDIC

Insures deposits up to $250,000.

Truth in Securities Act

Mandates full disclosures for stock purchases.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Regulates and polices the stock market.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration

Provided cash grants to states for relief.

Civil Works Administration

Created jobs for public works projects.

Civilian Conservation Corps

Employed young men for environmental projects.

Shelterbelt

Tree planting to prevent dust storms.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

Paid farmers to reduce crop production.

Farm Security Administration

Provided loans to small farmers.

Rural Electrification Administration

Brought electricity to rural areas.

National Recovery Administration

Revived industry through voluntary planning.

NRA Sticker Program

Participation rewarded with stickers for businesses.

Tennessee Valley Authority

Developed dams for electricity and flood control.

Wagner Act

Strengthened labor rights and collective bargaining.

National Labor Relations Board

Mediates disputes between workers and employers.

Works Progress Administration

Created jobs through public works projects.

New Deal Legacy

Expanded federal government's role in economy.

Fiscal Policy

Government spending to stimulate economic growth.

Isolationism to Involvement

Shift in U.S. policy post-Pearl Harbor.

Unconstitutional Supreme Court Rulings

NRA and AAA declared unconstitutional by courts.

Corporate Power Regulation

Limited government regulation of corporate practices.

Fascism

Authoritarian political ideology emphasizing nationalism and militarism.

Mussolini

Italian leader who established fascism in 1922.

Stalin

Soviet dictator who ruled from 1926.

Militarism

Military control over government and society.

Spanish Civil War

Conflict from 1936 involving Franco's dictatorship.

Neutrality Acts

Laws from 1935-1937 limiting US involvement in wars.

Cash and Carry

Policy allowing nations to buy non-military goods.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws denying rights to Jewish citizens in Germany.

Kristallnacht

1938 state-sponsored violence against Jews in Germany.

Anschluss

1938 annexation of Austria by Nazi Germany.

Munich Conference

1938 meeting to appease Hitler's territorial demands.

Danzig

City demanded by Hitler as key to Poland.

Nazi-Soviet Pact

1939 non-aggression agreement between Germany and USSR.

Invasion of Poland

Germany's 1939 attack marking the start of WWII.

Pearl Harbor

1941 Japanese attack leading US into WWII.

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law allowing military aid to allies.

Voyage of the St. Louis

1939 ship carrying Jewish refugees turned away.

Atlantic Charter

1941 agreement between FDR and Churchill for support.

USS Reuben James

US Navy destroyer sunk by German U-boats.

Homefront

US domestic efforts supporting war during WWII.

Rosie the Riveter

Cultural icon representing women in wartime labor.

Embargo on Japan

US trade restrictions due to Japanese aggression.

Japanese Militarism

Military dominance in Japan's government during WWII.

U.S. War Declaration

U.S. declared war on Germany after attacks.

Axis Powers

Germany and Italy declared war on the U.S.

British Bombing

Germany bombed Britain repeatedly during the war.

Homefront Efforts

Women supported Red Cross; men enlisted in military.

Wage Increases

Wartime economy led to increased wages.

Nazi Ideology

Nazis aimed for pure-blooded German existence.

NCAAP Growth

NCAAP membership increased ninefold during segregation.

Aptitude Tests

Women required to pass tests for wartime jobs.

Japanese Internment

Japanese Americans were sent to internment camps.

Executive Order 9066

FDR signed order for Japanese American internment.

Merchant Ship Losses

German submarines sank 500 American merchant ships.

Oil Importance

Oil was crucial for modern military operations.

Two Fronts

Germany had to defend against two military fronts.

North Africa Campaign

U.S. fought in North Africa for oil resources.

Battle of Stalingrad

Stalingrad: worst battle, lasted over 4 months.

Soviet Casualties

20 million Soviets died during World War II.

Operation Overlord

D-Day: Allied invasion of Europe on June 6, 1944.

D-Day Duration

Secured beaches took 6 weeks post-invasion.

Battle of the Bulge

German counterattack in December 1944 near Belgium.

Mussolini's Overthrow

Allies invaded Italy, leading to Mussolini's downfall.

Mediterranean Shipping

Allied control of Mediterranean crucial for oil supply.

Saturation bombing

Intensive bombing campaign targeting German territory.

V-E Day

Victory in Europe Day, celebrated on May 8, 1945.

Holocaust

Systematic genocide of undesirables by Nazis.

Nuremberg Trials

Post-war trials holding Nazi leaders accountable.

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

Military strategy ensuring total destruction of both sides.

Proliferation

Spreading or growing of nuclear weapons.

Détente

Easing of Cold War tensions between superpowers.

SALT

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks to control arms race.

Japanese invasion of China

Started in 1937, marking Japanese aggression.

US embargo on Japan

Restrictions on exports to limit Japanese military.

Pearl Harbor attack

Surprise military strike by Japan on December 7, 1941.

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

Japanese imperialist concept for regional dominance.

Island hopping strategy

Military tactic to capture strategic islands in Pacific.