The Skeletal System Part 3: Pathophysiology of the Skeletal System

Closed Fracture

formerly known as a simple fracture; it does not cause a break in the skin

Open Fracture

formerly known as a compound fracture; breaks through the skin

Complete Fracture

bone is in two or more pieces

Displaced Fracture

bone is no longer in proper alignment

Nondisplaced Fracture

bone is in proper alignment

Hairline Fracture

there is a crack in the bone

Greenstick Fracture

bone has broken through one side but not completely through the other side

Transverse Fracture

bone is broken perpendicular to its length

Oblique Fracture

break in the bone is at an angle

Spiral Fracture

break in the bone spirals up at the bone; happens from twisting the bone

Epiphyseal Fracture

break occurs at the epiphyseal plate in a child

Comminuted Fracture

referred to as “shattered”; bone is broken into three or more pieces

Compression Fracture

cancellous bone has been compressed and may occur in the vertebrae

Hematomas

Fracture Healing

1. a.______________ form due to bleeding.

2. The healing of a fracture starts with stem cells forming a soft b._______ in a hematoma.

3. c.____________ deposit bone in the soft callus to form a hard callus.

4. d.____________ finish the healing of the fracture by remodeling the hard callus to reestablish the marrow cavity.

a = ?

callus

Fracture Healing

1. a.______________ form due to bleeding.

2. The healing of a fracture starts with stem cells forming a soft b._______ in a hematoma.

3. c.____________ deposit bone in the soft callus to form a hard callus.

4. d.____________ finish the healing of the fracture by remodeling the hard callus to reestablish the marrow cavity.

b = ?

Osteoblasts

Fracture Healing

1. a.______________ form due to bleeding.

2. The healing of a fracture starts with stem cells forming a soft b._______ in a hematoma.

3. c.____________ deposit bone in the soft callus to form a hard callus.

4. d.____________ finish the healing of the fracture by remodeling the hard callus to reestablish the marrow cavity.

c = ?

Osteoclasts

Fracture Healing

1. a.______________ form due to bleeding.

2. The healing of a fracture starts with stem cells forming a soft b._______ in a hematoma.

3. c.____________ deposit bone in the soft callus to form a hard callus.

4. d.____________ finish the healing of the fracture by remodeling the hard callus to reestablish the marrow cavity.

d = ?

Osteoporosis

severe lack of bone density

Osteomyelitis

bone bacterial infection

Rickets and Osteomalacia

inadequate amount of vitamin D (mineral crystals is deposited in the bone)

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

brittle bones as a result of a congenital defect in which the bones lack collagen fibers

Scoliosis

abnormal spinal curvatures resulting in a lateral curvature

Kyphosis

abnormal spinal curvatures resulting in a hunchback

Lordosis

abnormal spinal curvatures resulting in a swayback

Cleft Palate

condition wherein the roof of the mouth doesn’t close and usually happens in fetal development

Mastoiditis

an infection or inflammation of the mastoid bone, which is located behind the ear

Herniated Disk

ruptured/slipped disk; occurs when a spinal disc breaks or moves out of place

Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan

diagnostic test that uses low-dose radiation to measure bone density in the hip and vertebrae

X-ray

diagnostic test that uses electromagnetic radiation that sends photons through the body to create a visual image of dense structures such as bone

Pain Relievers

pharmacologic treatment of fractures

immobilization, closed reduction, surgery, and rest

non-pharmacologic treatment of fracture

bisphosphonates, denosumab, bone-building drugs

pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis

lifestyle modification

non-pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis

antimicrobials and NSAIDs

pharmacologic treatment of osteomyelitis

surgery, needle aspiration to drain pus

non-pharmacologic treatment of osteomyelitis

vitamin D and calcium supplement

pharmacologic treatment of rickets and osteomalacia

special braces, surgery

non-pharmacologic treatment of rickets and osteomalacia

Antibiotics

pharmacologic treatment of mastoiditis

surgery

non-pharmacologic treatment of mastoiditis

pain relievers, opioids, cortisone injections

pharmacologic treatment of herniated disk

physical therapy, surgery

non-pharmacologic treatment of herniated disk