Anatomy 2320 - Articulations: General Features

Arthrology

The study of joints

Fibrous Joint

Joints that lack a joint cavity and are held together by dense regular (fibrous) connective tissue

cartilaginous joints

Joints that lack a joint cavity and are joined together by cartilage

Synovial joints

Joints with a joint cavity that seperates the articulating surfaces

Synarthroses

Term for immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

Term for slightly moveable joints

Diarthroses

Term for freely moveable joints

Psuedoarthroses

False joints that occur when a fractured long bone heals in two separate bones

Fibrous joints

Which joints are usually immoveable or slightly moveable

Gomphoses

peg-in-socket fibrous joint, only found where teeth articulate with mandible/maxilla

Periodontal

A tooth is held in place by _____ ligaments

Synarthrotic

functional classification for teeth in their socket

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are the three structural classifications of joints?

Synarthroses, diarthroses, amphiarthroses

What are the three functional classifications of joints?

Sutures

Immoveable fibrous joints found only between certain bones of the skull

Synostoses

Classification for completely ossified sutures

Syndesmoses

fibrous joints in which articulating bones are joined by long strands of dense regular connective tissue (interosseous membrane)

Amphiarthroses

What functional classification is given to syndesmoses?

Symphyses and Syncondroses

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Synchondroses

Type of cartilaginous joint, joined by hyaline cartilage and are present on the epiphyseal growth plates in children and costochondral articulations

Symphyses

Type of cartilaginous joint that has a pad of fibrocartilage between the articulating bones

Amphiarthrosis

What is the functional classification of symphyses?

Synarthrotic

Functional classification of synchondroses

Symphyses

What type of cartilaginous joint is present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae and the pubic symphesis?

Marfan's Syndrome

Disease that leads to hypermobile joints, those affected by it tend to be unusually tall with long limbs and long thin fingers

Fibrillin-1, FBN1

Marfan's syndrome is caused by the misfolding of what protein? What gene is it coded by?

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-Beta)

Fibrillin-1, misfolded in Marfan's Syndrome, contributes to cell signaling activity by binding to...

Articular capsule

Name this part of a joint capsule, surrounds synovial joint

Fibrous layer of joint capsule

Name the part of a joint capsule labeled "D"

Synovial membrane

Name this part of a joint capsule

Synovial fluid

What nourishes and removes waste from the chondrocytes in the articular cartilage?

Hyaline articular cartilage

Layer of cartilage that reduces friction in a joint and acts as a cushion to absorb compression

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

Tendon

Connects bone to muscle

Bursae

Fibrous, saclike structures containing synovial fluid

and lined by a synovial membrane

Tendon sheaths

Modified, elongated bursae that wrap around tendons where there may be excessive friction

Fat pads

Distributed along the periphery of synovial joints, act as packing material and provide protection

Uniaxial

Term for when a bone moves in just one place or axis

Biaxial

Term for when a bone moves in two planes or axes

Multiaxial

Term for when a bone moves in multiple planes (only ball and socket)

Planar

Another word for gliding joint (can be used interchangeably)

Planar (gliding)

What is the least moveable type of diarthroses?

Uniaxial

What type of movement do planar joints allow?

Intercarpal/intertarsal, joints between articulating processes of adjacent vertebrae, sacroiliac joint, acromioclavicular

What are the examples of planar joints?

Uniaxial

What type of movement do hinge joints allow?

Humeroulnar articulation, tibiofemoral joint, talocrural joint, interphalangeal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint

What are the examples of hinge joints

uniaxial

What type of movement do pivot joints allow?

Proximal Radioulnar joint, atlantoaxial joint

What are the examples of pivot joints?

Biaxial

What type of movement do condyloid joints allow?

Metacarpophalangeal joint (2-5) , radiocarpal joint, atlantooccipital joint

What are the examples of condyloid joints?

Pivot joint

Name this type of synovial joint

Hinge joint

Name this type of synovial joint

Planar joint

Name this type of synovial joint

Condyloid joint

Name this type of synovial joint

Saddle joint

Name this type of synovial joint

Biaxial

What type of movement do saddle joints allow?

First carpometacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint, articulation between malleus and incus

What are the examples of a saddle joint?

Ball-and-socket joint

Name this type of synovial joint

Gliding

Type of movement allowed by planar joints, two surfaces slide back and forth to one another without changing the angle between them

Angular motion

Movement that increases or decreases the angle between two bones

Flexion

Movement in an anterior posterior plane that decreases the angle between two bones

Extension

Movement in an anterior posterior plane that increases the angle between the bones

Hyperextension

Extension of a joint beyond 180 degrees

Optisthotonos

Severe example of hyperextension which occurs in tetanus

Lateral flexion

When the trunk of the body moves in a coronal plane away from the body

Rotational motion

Pivoting motion in which a bone turns on its own longitudinal axis (turning head from side to side)

Depression

Inferior movement of a part of the body (opening the mouth)

Elevation

The opposite of depression (raising mandible)

Dorsiflexion

When the talocrural joint is bent such that superior surface is brought superiorly

Plantarflexion

When the talocrural joint is bent such that superior surface is brought inferiorly

Inversion

Movement of plantar surface of foot inward (medially), only used for the intertarsal joints

Eversion

Movement of plantar surface of foot outward (laterally), only used for the intertarsal joints

Protraction

Movement of a body part anteriorly in a horizontal plane (jaw thrust)

Retraction

Posterior movement of a protracted body part so anatomical position is resumed

Opposition

Movement of thumb toward palmar tips of the fingers as it crosses palms of the hand

Epiphyseal growth plates in children, costochondral articulations

Examples of syncondroses

First carpometacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint, joint between malleus and incus

Examples of saddle joints

Costochondritis

inflammation and irritation of the costochondral joints, resulting in localized chest pain

Cavitation

Term for when the gases dissolved in synovial fluid become less soluble, and they form bubbles