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United Nations (UN)

International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation.

General Assembly

UN body where all member states have equal representation to discuss global issues.

Security Council

UN body responsible for maintaining international peace; includes 5 permanent members with veto power.

Secretariat

UN administrative branch, led by the Secretary-General, managing day-to-day operations.

Peacekeeping

UN missions that monitor and enforce ceasefires or maintain stability in conflict zones.

World Health Organization (WHO)

UN agency coordinating global health initiatives and responses.

Doctors Without Borders

NGO providing medical aid in conflict zones and areas of crisis.

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)

UN program providing aid to children worldwide.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948 UN document outlining basic human rights.

Human rights

Fundamental rights and freedoms entitled to all people.

Global feminism

Movement advocating women’s equality worldwide.

Refugees

People forced to flee their country due to conflict or persecution.

International Court of Justice (ICJ)

UN judicial body that settles disputes between states.

Segregation

Legal or social separation of groups, often by race.

Double V Campaign

WWII-era campaign for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.

Rosa Parks

Civil rights activist whose bus protest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.

Web Du Bois

African American intellectual advocating for civil rights and higher education.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the U.S. civil rights movement; advocated nonviolent protest.

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalist leader promoting Pan-Africanism and black self-determination.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court ruling upholding “separate but equal” segregation.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court decision declaring school segregation unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–1956)

Protest against segregated buses, inspired by Rosa Parks.

Jim Crow

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S. South.

Redlining

Discriminatory practice denying loans or services to certain neighborhoods, often based on race.

Civil Rights Act (1964)

U.S. law banning discrimination in public spaces and employment.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Law removing barriers to voting for African Americans.

Citizen

Legal member of a state with rights and responsibilities.

Limited citizenship

Status denying full rights and privileges to certain groups.

Stateless

People without legal nationality or citizenship.

Apartheid

System of racial segregation and oppression in South Africa.

Pass laws

South African laws restricting black movement under apartheid.

Nelson Mandela

Anti-apartheid leader and first black president of South Africa.

African National Congress (ANC)

Organization fighting apartheid and promoting majority rule.

F.W. de Klerk

Last apartheid-era president; worked with Mandela to end apartheid.

Truth and Reconciliation Commission(TRC)

Post-apartheid body investigating human rights abuses.

Dalits

Lowest caste in India historically facing discrimination (“untouchables”).

Me Too Movement

Campaign against sexual harassment and assault.

Black Lives Matter Movement

Movement addressing systemic racism and police violence.

Occupy Movement

Global protests against economic inequality.

Battle of Seattle (1999)

Protest against WTO highlighting globalization concerns.

Indymedia

Independent media network reporting social justice issues.

Movimento Negro Unificado

Brazilian organization promoting Afro-Brazilian rights.

CONAIE

Indigenous Ecuadorian organization advocating land and cultural rights.

Rigoberta Menchú

Guatemalan Indigenous activist and Nobel laureate advocating human rights.

World Food Program (WFP)

UN agency providing food aid in crises.

Human Rights Watch

NGO monitoring human rights abuses worldwide.

Amnesty International

NGO promoting human rights and freeing political prisoners.

Red Cross

International organization providing emergency aid in conflicts and disasters.

United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Protects and supports refugees worldwide.

Nongovernmental Organization (NGO)

Independent group working on social, humanitarian, or political issues.

Internationalism

Cooperation among nations for common goals.

Transnationalism

Connections and interactions crossing national borders.

Ethnic nationalism

Political ideology prioritizing one ethnic group over others.

Pope Francis

Leader of the Catholic Church advocating global social justice.

Desmond Tutu

Archbishop and anti-apartheid activist promoting nonviolent protest.

Divest

To withdraw investments from a country or company, often for political reasons.

Stephen Biko

Leader of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa.

Jim Crow laws

Laws enforcing racial segregation in the U.S. South.

Roma

European ethnic minority historically facing discrimination.

Negritude

Movement celebrating black identity, culture, and heritage.

Liberation theology

Religious movement combining Christianity with social justice activism.

Intifada

Palestinian uprisings against Israeli occupation.

9/11 (2001)

Terrorist attacks on U.S. by Al-Qaeda, killing thousands.

Al-Qaeda

Islamist terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden.

Osama bin Laden

Founder of Al-Qaeda, responsible for major terrorist attacks including 9/11.

Taliban

Islamist militant group in Afghanistan enforcing strict Sharia law.

George W. Bush

U.S. president during 9/11 and the War on Terror.

Islamism

Political movement advocating government based on Islamic law.

Saddam Hussein

Iraqi dictator; U.S. invaded Iraq under War on Terror claims.

The Gulf War

Conflict in which Iraq, led by Saddam Hussein, invaded Kuwait; a U.S.-led UN-backed coalition expelled Iraqi forces, demonstrating post-Cold War U.S. military power and reshaping Gulf geopolitics.

Operation Enduring Freedom

U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan (2001) to remove the Taliban and combat Al-Qaeda.

ISIS

Islamist extremist group in Iraq and Syria aiming to establish a caliphate through violence.

NoKo Harem

North Korean context (clarify exact meaning; often refers to North Korean regime control).

Patriot Act (2001)

U.S. law expanding government surveillance for counterterrorism.

Department of Homeland Security

U.S. agency coordinating domestic security and counterterrorism efforts.

United Nations Educational, Scientidic, and Cultural Organization(UNESCO)

UN agency promoting education, culture, and scientific collaboration globally.

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr

Leader of the U.S. civil rights movement who advocated nonviolent protest to end racial segregation and discrimination; famous for the "I Have a Dream" speech and key role in the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act.

Red lining

Discriminatory practice in which banks and insurers denied loans or services to people in certain neighborhoods, often based on race, contributing to racial segregation and economic inequality.

Muvimento Negro Unificado

Brazilian organization founded in the late 1970s to combat racial discrimination, promote Afro-Brazilian rights, and address social and economic inequalities.