Chapter 6 Test

source program

what is a program written in assembly language

Details of the hardware

what does the operating system hide from the user

embedded systems

Computers that are placed within other types of devices to control their operation

microwaves, thermostats, airplanes

examples of embedded systems

a start or end point

what does an oval represent in a flow chart

purchase process

example of oval

a relationship between representative shapes

what does an arrow represent

going from approving purchase requisition form to cash/credit card

example of arrow

input or output

what does a parallelogram represent

N/A

example of parallelogram

a process

what does a rectangle represent

filling out CCPR

example of rectangle

a decision

what does a rhombus represent

cash or credit card

example of rhombus

bus cycle

what is a single transaction between the system memory and the CPU

the users and the hardware

what does system software act as an intermediary between

important information that is easy to understand

what does the system software present to the user

unimportant details of Von Neumann architecture

what does the system software hide from the user

the resources of a computer

what does the system software manage

operating system

the main piece of system software that helps to run and manage a computer system

user interface, scheduler, utilities

what are some of the software packages that the operating system activates?

user interface management

operating system - receptionist

control of access to system and data files

operating system - security guard

program scheduling and activation

operating system - dispatcher

efficient resource allocation

operating system - efficiency expert

deadlock detection and error detection

operating system - traffic officer

language services

programs that allow you to write programs in a high-level, user-oriented language rather than machine language and to execute these programs easily and efficiently

assemblers, compilers, interpreters

examples of language services

2nd

what generation is assembly language

advantages of assembly language

1. Use of symbolic operation codes rather than numeric (binary) ones

2. Use of symbolic memory addresses rather than numeric (binary) ones

3. Pseudo-operations that provide useful user-oriented services such as data generation

Op Code Mnemonic

The symbolic names of op codes.

LOAD, ADD, STORE

examples of op code mnemonics

high-level programming languages

A programming language that uses both natural language constructs and mathematical notation.

C++, Java, Python

examples of high-level programming languages

machine language

what does assembly language convert to

algorithmic problem solving cycle

one of the central themes of computer science

op code table

Alphabetized list of all legal assembly language op codes and their binary equivalents.

Static RAM

a type of RAM chip that uses flip flops and doesn't need to be constantly refreshed

Dynamic RAM

A type of RAM that constantly needs refreshing, even with the power on, so the data is not lost.

Static requires a lot more space, more expensive

difference between Static RAM and Dynamic RAM

BIOS

built-in program which initializes computer hardware and launches the operating system when the computer starts

Basic input/output system

what does BIOS stand for

op code table

what converts symbolic op codes into binary

Privileged Operation Codes

Operation code whose use is restricted to the operating system or other system software.

HALT

what instruction became a privileged operation code

pseudo-op

An assembly language command that does not actually produce a machine-language instruction but performs a service on behalf of the user

period

what precedes a pseudo-op to indicate its type

binary

allows only numeric memory addresses. Can't name an instruction and refer to it by its name

program libraries

A collection of software utilities provided for the user

I/O systems

these software packages allow you to easily and efficiently use the many different types of input and output devices that exist on a modern computer system

I/O controller

type of I/O systems

a powerful GUI

what do all modern operating systems provide

virtual machine

Set of services and resources created by the software and seen by the user.

completely error free

what must a program be when executing it properly

cloud computing

a computing system in which the user can be completely unaware of where data is stored and where services are being provided

command language

The language used to enter system commands; today, its more commonly a set of actions, such as mouse clicks or finger taps

safety

The operating system prevent programs or users from attempting operations that cause the computer system to enter a state where it's incapable of doing any further work (frozen state where all useful work comes to a grinding halt)

security

operating system controls access to the computer and its resources. It must prevent unauthorized users from accessing the system and prevent authorized users from doing unauthorized things.

most common operations in any algorithm

1. evaluation of arithmetic expressions

2. testing and comparing values

3. looping

Direct Memory Access

a method that allows an I/O device to send or receive data directly to or from the main memory, bypassing the CPU to speed up memory operations

4 types of system resources

1. I/O addresses

2. Memory addresses

3. Interrupt request numbers

4. DMA channels

op code

the portion of a machine language instruction that specifies the operation to be performed

assembler

translates assembly language into machine language

compiler

translates high-level language into machine language

object programs

programs in machine language form

high-level programming languages

what's easy for programmers to understand

low-level programming languages

what's easy for computers to understand

machine or assembly language

examples of low-level programming languages

source code

a group of instructions a programmer writes using computer programming languages.

low-level programming languages

what kind of languages are written in binary

high-level programming language

what kind of languges are wriitten in english wrods