ap euro midterm that idk

RENAISSANCE

civic humanism - idea that education should prepare leaders to achieve in civic affairs
Francis Petrarch - father of humanism
humanism - emphasized human beings, achievements, interests, capabilities
individualism - personality, uniqueness, genius, full development of capabilities
- Renaissance = individuals wanted success + showcase their talents
Florence - ruled by medici family
- got rich off trade (basically a mafia)
- banking empire that were even popes
Italy run by different oligarchies
- group of wealthy people that lead the gov
cottage industry - textile (cloth) work done by peasants in their homes
inner city warfare in Italy - no city wanted any other city getting too strong
linear perspective and geometry used in art

Protestant / Catholic Reformation

john Wycliffe - stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection
Luther posted 95 thesis criticizing church reforms especially Tetzel’s selling indulgences
pope excommunicated Luther after publishing theology of reform
Diet of worms
- Charles V demands Luther apologize → Luther refused
- Edict of Worm - Luther is outlawed
- Luther is protected by Frederick III of Saxony
Luther appealed to social classes:
- all classes could be believers, independence from catholic emperor and indulgences, access to the vernacular bible, economic reform supported by Luther’s message
German Peasant Wars
- peasants blamed lords for land seizure and taxes
- found biblical support for their demands and Luther supported the peasants at first
- Luther then proceeded to turn against the peasants saying that they were acting evil
Calvinism
- strong focus on being able to fight for your beliefs
- France = Huguenot, England = puritan
- predestination - God already decided who is saved/damned
- going to heaven is not based on good works at all (it doesn’t really matter what you do)
Pease of Augsburg - religion determined by local ruler
- choice between lutheran or catholic
Bloody Mary (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine)
- forced everyone in England to be catholic even though England is protestant
Mary dies and her sister, Elizabeth, takes the English crown
- she’s protestant but allows everyone to practice their own religion PRIVATELY
- Mary’s ex husband is like no no no, so he sends the Spanish Armada to go and make England Catholic again
French Religious Wars:
- religious reason - France is religiously divided (nobles want to be huguenots)
- political reason - nobles don’t want to submit to monarchy so they adopt calvinism to resist
- Henry of Navarre (protestant) marries king’s sister (catholic)
- in the civil war he is defeated and becomes Henry IV of France
- Politique = leader willing to compromise major issues for country’s benefit
- henry IV = politique because he became Catholic to fix the religious mess in France
- passed Edict of Nantes - religious toleration in England
- Richelieu = politique because he grew a mercantilist economy
The Thirty Years War
- forever settles the issue of Religion as a cause of War
- causes: religious division of HRE + Hasburgs too powerful
- Phase 1:
- Civil war in Bohemia - Catholic leader but Protestant majority
- Defenestration of Prague - Catholic leaders thrown out window into manuer by Protestants
- Phase 2:
- Protestant Denmark goes against Catholic HRE
- A mercenary helps to kick Protestant Catholic’s ass
- Edict of Restitution - all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored
- Phase 3 :
- Swedish king invades HRE in support of Protestants
- Sweden is being financially supported by France because France wants to weaken Habsburgs (EVEN THO FRANCE IS CATHOLIC!!!!!)
- Swedish Swords, French Funds SSFF
- Phase 4:
- bloodiest and most continental
- Richelieu (France) declares war on Spanish Habsburgs
- France won
- Peace of Westphalia
- Relgiious wars over in Europe (reformation ended)
- French Power increased, Habsburg power decreased
- calvinism legally practiced

Age of Early European Exploration

causes: renaissance, missionaries, monarchs seeking new revenue, technology advances
new technology: caravel, lateen sail (sail with or against the wind), wheel lock
Fernando Cortez conquered Aztecs
Francisco Pizzaro conquered Incas
Colonial Administration for Spain:
- House of Trade - control economic matters in colonies
- Viceroyalties - states controlled by Viceroys
- Viceroys - appointed by monarch + controlled military and civil authority
- Encomienda system - basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)
The treaty of Tordesillas - pope gives Portugal slave trade and Spain control of South America
Impact of Expansion = Price Revolution
- influx of bullion (silver) caused extremely high inflation
Mercantilism :
- set trade taxes and laws against trading with competitors
- form trade companies with monopoly over industries

The Rise of Absolutism & Constitutionalism

Cause: French Religious Wars, thirty years war, inflation
common obstacles: bad roads (infrastructure), lack of census info to tax, competition for power with monarchs clergy and nobles
eastern absolutism:
serfdom reestablished
nobles maintained most of power
authority of monarchs weaker in comparison to west
western absolutism:
- serfdom abolished
- nobles lost all power
- authority of monarchs stronger in comparison to east
Louis XIV:
- replaced nobles with loyal intendants
- Declaration of Clergy of France - limited the Pope’s power
- noble shad their own military so Louis built a centralized military loyal to only him
- appointed new finance minister - Colbert
- Colbert practiced mercantilism and made France RICHHH
- Code Louis - centralized uniform code of law
- Franco-Dutch war - expanded french territory to Netherlands
ottoman empire:
- janissaries - army composed of slaves (devshirme)
- government and military jobs based on merit not family name
- devshirme - christian slaves
- millet system - religious community granted autonomy for taxes
How did Eastern Landlords return peasants to serfdom
- restricted movement
- took land and increased labor obligations of peasants
- nobles controlled legal and political system
Austrian (Habsburgs):
- 30 years war set the stage for Austrian state building
- Habsburgs turned inward and eastward to strengthen the Austrian state
- reestablished control over Bohemia and serfdom
- Habsburgs take power from protestants and give it back to Catholics
- Catholics become new nobility
- Pragmatic sanction - Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir
Prussia (northern Germany):
- Frederick William “The great Elector” - strengthened central authority
- made deal with nobles (very different from western absolutism)
- Frederick William I “The Soldier King” - strengthened royal authority and created greatest army through draft
Russia:
- Ivan III “Ivan the Great” - continued mongol policies but did not recognize mongols as Russia’s leaders
- Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” - 1st to take title of “tsar” and controlled boyars (nobles)
- peasants flee and form independent outlawed group called the Cossacks
- Peter the Great - modernization and westernization of Russia
- military service requirements for nobles and commoners (YOU SERVE FOR LIFE)
- Table of Ranks - merit based military system
- imported western technology
- souls tax - every person had to pay a tax
- (higher class) education away from home for 5 years = mandatory
English constitutional monarchy:
- magna carta - king must ask for popular consent to tax from Parliament
- Elizabeth bargain: parliament and king have cooperative “alliance” before civil war
- James I - wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliament’s consent
- gunpowder plot - people tried to blow him up
- Charles I - very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars
- appointed William Laud who persecuted Puritans
- Ship tax - since parliament wont give money he creates a new tax on inland people
- Petition of Rights - parliament says they will give money if Charles promises to not tax without consent, no imprisonment without due cause, etc
- Charles doesn’t call parliament in many years so the Trennial Act is passed (parliament must be called every 3 years)
- Chalres doesn’t like that things aren’t going his own way and forms an army to fight parliament (royalist)
- Civil war - royalist vs parliamentarians
- Oliver Cromwell leads army that defeats royalist
- Battle of Naseby - name drop
- Interregnum (time between kings)
- Prides purge - Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a “Rump” Parliament
- Charles I is beheaded
- The Puritan Commonwealth - creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government
- The Protectorate - Cromwell dismisses Rump Parliament, gives relgiious toleration to Jews, Cromwell becomes a dictator and people HATE HIM (but he dies soon)
- Charles II - willing to play the parliament game but was secretly sympathetic to Catholics
- James II - VERY Catholic and absolutist so he’s gotten rid of immediately and sent to live with Louis XIV in France
- The Glorious Revolution: 1688 - William and Mary become king and queen of England
- English Bill of Rights - settled all major issues between king + parliament
- monarch must work with parliament
- king cannot interfere with ordinary cause of justice
- Parliament must be called frequently
Dutch Constitutional Monarchy -
- republic
- calvinist and radical
- Dutch society was independent and had higher salaries
- steady economy - not much inflation
- masters of the carrying trade - would ship goods everywhere
- Dutch East India Co - stock/investment system
- separated religion from education - students allowed to experiment on humans
- laws done on local level
- Dutch decline resulted from costly wars w/ England and France:
- England broke off Dutch trade: 1651 Navigation Act req’d goods to be transported on English ships which weekend Dutch economy

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Age of Reason Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

causes of scientific Rev = medieval universities, Renaissance, sea exploration, technology
Aristotelian universe - included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world
Empiricism - sense based thinking (Bacon)
Inductive Reasoning - observe → generalize → find patterns (Bacon)
Deductive Reasoning - experiment → predict → theorize (Descartes)
Descartes - dualism (Mind and matter), deductive thinking, doubt everything
Medicine:
- Galen - illness comes from imbalance of 4 humors
- Vesalius - human anatomy
- Harvey - circulatory system
Voltaire - freedom of speech and religion
Diderot - complied Encyclopedia
Beccaria - argued against “cruel and unusual” punishments including the death penalty
Frederick II The Great of Prussia
- The war of Austrian Succession - Maria Theresa took Austrian Throne and Frederick the Great wanted part of Austrian territory (Silesia) so he fought for it and won
- Seven Years War - Europe wanted to lower Prussia’s power so an alliance was formed between France, Russia, Sweden, and Austria
- England joined Prussia to oppose France
- reforms = torture outlawed, fair courts, new agriculture
Catherine the Great of Russia
- reforms - further westernized, supported the studying of philosophy, tried to educate and improve local gov
Maria Theresa / Joseph II
- Maria reform: limited power of papacy fixed bureaucracy, weakened nobles
- Joseph reform: outlawed serfdom

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French Revolution

problems in third estate:
- Bourgeoisie want: abolition of mercantilism, fair distribution of taxes, great voice in gov + REVOLT
- Peasants want: freedom from serfdom and high taxes + REVOLT
political causes of French rev =major debt and ineffective rulers
religious causes: church corruption and tithes (tax)
technological causes: guillotine and printing press
economic causes: Seven years war, War of Louis XIV, Versailles, American rev, ineffective tax system, problems with parliament, rising cost of bread
Jacques Necker - argued that the government should give free food
The Moderate stage:
- Estates general called by Louis XVI to resolve the financial crisis in France
- first time meeting in 175 years
- voting system is established - each estate has one vote
- National assembly - 3rd estate declares itself the National assembly
- Tennis court Oath - vows not to disband until a constitution if formed
- Louis XVI orders the National assembly to disband and they refuse
- as a compromise he orders first two estates to join the national assembly
- Moderate middle class and liberal nobility are officially in control instead of monarchy
- Storming of Bastille - people storm it looking for gunpowder
- city now has an armed force
- tri color flag emerges
- power shifts from king to national assembly
- The Great Fear = time period where multitudes of rumors spread
- peasants ruthlessly kill nobles and destroy serfdom papers because of a rumor
- Declaration of the rights of men - national assembly clearly states what reforms they want
- liberty, security, prosperity
- ended feudal rights of nobles over peasants
- Declaration of the Rights of Women - de Gouges argued for financial independency for women
- The Civil Constitution of the clergy - bishop and priests are now elected by popular vote instead of nepotism
- national assembly confiscates land from RCC and abolishes tithes
- Constitution of 1791 - redefined the French Gov
- three branches = national assembly, king, and judicial branch
- abolished estate system
- tax paying male citizens have the rights to vote
The Radical stage:
- causes: threats from foreign nations, counterrevolutionaries, attempted fleeing of king, bad economy (inflation)
- Jacobins - radical debating society
- National convention - basically the national assembly with a new name
- new election, new constitution, radicals take charge
- demand right to vote for ALL men not just tax paying
- vote to KILL the king
- Committee of public safety - decides who lives and dies in trials
- goal = crush the enemies of the revolution
- drafted anyone 18-25 years old
- consequences of red terror
- overthrow of monarchy
- weakened power and wealth of nobility
- secularization of the state
- more equality for men before the law
- reorganization of the military
The Conservative phase:
- Thermidorian reaction: closed the Jacobins club, reopened churches, lifted economic restrictions, formed new constitution
- Directory:
- people involved in the Reign of Terror are killed = white terror
- ruled by bourgeoisie liberals
- electors can only be males over 21 that owned or rented property
- political instability in directory - inflation, revolts, Communist revolts
The Napoleonic stage:
- established new gov called consulate
- his names: first consul → consul for life → emperor
- Domestic reforms & policies:
- agreements with catholic church - he controlled cc from the shadows while the cc became the official religion of France
- Napoleonic code - legal equality of all male citizens, women lost almost all rights previously gained
- strengthened the bureaucracy - former revolutionaries put in government positions, rich people invited back and given jobs, new imperial nobility made of catholics
- financial reforms - everyone pays taxes now, established public loans, Bank of France
- public school system - aimed to prepare students for gov jobs, admission not merit based
- spy system - eyes and ears everywhere to hear when people talk bad about Napoleon
- Continental system - Napoleon tried to weaken Great Britain by stopping continental trade
- Fall from power:
- Napoleon’s invasion of Russia drastically fails
- Napoleon abdicates and is sent to Elba (he soon escapes)
- raises an army to fight Europe for sending him to Elba and is now sent to another island