ap euro midterm that idk

RENAISSANCE

• civic humanism - idea that education should prepare leaders to achieve in civic affairs
• Francis Petrarch - father of humanism
• humanism - emphasized human beings, achievements, interests, capabilities
• individualism - personality, uniqueness, genius, full development of capabilities   * Renaissance = individuals wanted success + showcase their talents
• Florence - ruled by medici family   * got rich off trade (basically a mafia)   * banking empire that were even popes
• Italy run by different oligarchies   * group of wealthy people that lead the gov
• cottage industry - textile (cloth) work done by peasants in their homes
• inner city warfare in Italy - no city wanted any other city getting too strong
• linear perspective and geometry used in art

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Protestant / Catholic Reformation

• john Wycliffe - stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection
• Luther posted 95 thesis criticizing church reforms especially Tetzel’s selling indulgences
• pope excommunicated Luther after publishing theology of reform
• Diet of worms   * Charles V demands Luther apologize → Luther refused   * Edict of Worm - Luther is outlawed   * Luther is protected by Frederick III of Saxony
• Luther appealed to social classes:   * all classes could be believers, independence from catholic emperor and indulgences, access to the vernacular bible, economic reform supported by Luther’s message
• German Peasant Wars   * peasants blamed lords for land seizure and taxes   * found biblical support for their demands and Luther supported the peasants at first   * Luther then proceeded to turn against the peasants saying that they were acting evil
• Calvinism   * strong focus on being able to fight for your beliefs   * France = Huguenot, England = puritan   * predestination - God already decided who is saved/damned   * going to heaven is not based on good works at all (it doesn’t really matter what you do)
• Pease of Augsburg - religion determined by local ruler   * choice between lutheran or catholic
• Bloody Mary (daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine)   * forced everyone in England to be catholic even though England is protestant
• Mary dies and her sister, Elizabeth, takes the English crown   * she’s protestant but allows everyone to practice their own religion PRIVATELY   * Mary’s ex husband is like no no no, so he sends the Spanish Armada to go and make England Catholic again
• French Religious Wars:   * religious reason - France is religiously divided (nobles want to be huguenots)   * political reason - nobles don’t want to submit to monarchy so they adopt calvinism to resist   * Henry of Navarre (protestant) marries king’s sister (catholic)     * in the civil war he is defeated and becomes Henry IV of France   * Politique = leader willing to compromise major issues for country’s benefit   * henry IV = politique because he became Catholic to fix the religious mess in France     * passed Edict of Nantes - religious toleration in England   * Richelieu = politique because he grew a mercantilist economy
• The Thirty Years War   * forever settles the issue of Religion as a cause of War   * causes: religious division of HRE + Hasburgs too powerful   * Phase 1:     * Civil war in Bohemia - Catholic leader but Protestant majority     * Defenestration of Prague - Catholic leaders thrown out window into manuer by Protestants   * Phase 2:     * Protestant Denmark goes against Catholic HRE     * A mercenary helps to kick Protestant Catholic’s ass     * Edict of Restitution - all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored   * Phase 3 :     * Swedish king invades HRE in support of Protestants     * Sweden is being financially supported by France because France wants to weaken Habsburgs (EVEN THO FRANCE IS CATHOLIC!!!!!)     * Swedish Swords, French Funds SSFF   * Phase 4:     * bloodiest and most continental     * Richelieu (France) declares war on Spanish Habsburgs     * France won   * Peace of Westphalia     * Relgiious wars over in Europe (reformation ended)     * French Power increased, Habsburg power decreased     * calvinism legally practiced

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Age of Early European Exploration

• causes: renaissance, missionaries, monarchs seeking new revenue, technology advances
• new technology: caravel, lateen sail (sail with or against the wind), wheel lock
• Fernando Cortez conquered Aztecs
• Francisco Pizzaro conquered Incas
• Colonial Administration for Spain:   * House of Trade - control economic matters in colonies   * Viceroyalties - states controlled by Viceroys   * Viceroys - appointed by monarch + controlled military and civil authority   * Encomienda system - basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)
• The treaty of Tordesillas - pope gives Portugal slave trade and Spain control of South America
• Impact of Expansion = Price Revolution   * influx of bullion (silver) caused extremely high inflation
• Mercantilism :   * set trade taxes and laws against trading with competitors   * form trade companies with monopoly over industries

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The Rise of Absolutism & Constitutionalism

• Cause: French Religious Wars, thirty years war, inflation
• common obstacles: bad roads (infrastructure), lack of census info to tax, competition for power with monarchs clergy and nobles
• eastern absolutism:
• serfdom reestablished
• nobles maintained most of power
• authority of monarchs weaker in comparison to west
• western absolutism:   * serfdom abolished   * nobles lost all power   * authority of monarchs stronger in comparison to east
• Louis XIV:   * replaced nobles with loyal intendants   * Declaration of Clergy of France - limited the Pope’s power   * noble shad their own military so Louis built a centralized military loyal to only him   * appointed new finance minister - Colbert     * Colbert practiced mercantilism and made France RICHHH   * Code Louis - centralized uniform code of law   * Franco-Dutch war - expanded french territory to Netherlands
• ottoman empire:   * janissaries - army composed of slaves (devshirme)     * government and military jobs based on merit not family name   * devshirme - christian slaves   * millet system - religious community granted autonomy for taxes
• How did Eastern Landlords return peasants to serfdom   * restricted movement   * took land and increased labor obligations of peasants   * nobles controlled legal and political system
• Austrian (Habsburgs):   * 30 years war set the stage for Austrian state building   * Habsburgs turned inward and eastward to strengthen the Austrian state   * reestablished control over Bohemia and serfdom   * Habsburgs take power from protestants and give it back to Catholics     * Catholics become new nobility   * Pragmatic sanction - Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir
• Prussia (northern Germany):   * Frederick William “The great Elector” - strengthened central authority     * made deal with nobles (very different from western absolutism)   * Frederick William I “The Soldier King” - strengthened royal authority and created greatest army through draft
• Russia:   * Ivan III “Ivan the Great” - continued mongol policies but did not recognize mongols as Russia’s leaders   * Ivan IV “Ivan the Terrible” - 1st to take title of “tsar” and controlled boyars (nobles)     * peasants flee and form independent outlawed group called the Cossacks   * Peter the Great - modernization and westernization of Russia     * military service requirements for nobles and commoners (YOU SERVE FOR LIFE)     * Table of Ranks - merit based military system     * imported western technology     * souls tax - every person had to pay a tax     * (higher class) education away from home for 5 years = mandatory
• English constitutional monarchy:   * magna carta - king must ask for popular consent to tax from Parliament   * Elizabeth bargain: parliament and king have cooperative “alliance” before civil war   * James I - wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliament’s consent     * gunpowder plot - people tried to blow him up   * Charles I - very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars     * appointed William Laud who persecuted Puritans     * Ship tax - since parliament wont give money he creates a new tax on inland people     * Petition of Rights - parliament says they will give money if Charles promises to not tax without consent, no imprisonment without due cause, etc     * Charles doesn’t call parliament in many years so the Trennial Act is passed (parliament must be called every 3 years)     * Chalres doesn’t like that things aren’t going his own way and forms an army to fight parliament (royalist)   * Civil war - royalist vs parliamentarians     * Oliver Cromwell leads army that defeats royalist     * Battle of Naseby - name drop   * Interregnum (time between kings)     * Prides purge - Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a “Rump” Parliament     * Charles I is beheaded     * The Puritan Commonwealth - creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government     * The Protectorate - Cromwell dismisses Rump Parliament, gives relgiious toleration to Jews, Cromwell becomes a dictator and people HATE HIM (but he dies soon)   * Charles II - willing to play the parliament game but was secretly sympathetic to Catholics   * James II - VERY Catholic and absolutist so he’s gotten rid of immediately and sent to live with Louis XIV in France   * The Glorious Revolution: 1688 - William and Mary become king and queen of England   * English Bill of Rights - settled all major issues between king + parliament     * monarch must work with parliament     * king cannot interfere with ordinary cause of justice     * Parliament must be called frequently
• Dutch Constitutional Monarchy -   * republic   * calvinist and radical   * Dutch society was independent and had higher salaries   * steady economy - not much inflation   * masters of the carrying trade - would ship goods everywhere   * Dutch East India Co - stock/investment system   * separated religion from education - students allowed to experiment on humans   * laws done on local level   * Dutch decline resulted from costly wars w/ England and France:     * England broke off Dutch trade: 1651 Navigation Act req’d goods to be transported on English ships which weekend Dutch economy

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Age of Reason Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

• causes of scientific Rev = medieval universities, Renaissance, sea exploration, technology
• Aristotelian universe - included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world
• Empiricism - sense based thinking (Bacon)
• Inductive Reasoning - observe → generalize → find patterns (Bacon)
• Deductive Reasoning - experiment → predict → theorize (Descartes)
• Descartes - dualism (Mind and matter), deductive thinking, doubt everything
• Medicine:   * Galen - illness comes from imbalance of 4 humors   * Vesalius - human anatomy   * Harvey - circulatory system
• Voltaire - freedom of speech and religion
• Diderot - complied Encyclopedia
• Beccaria - argued against “cruel and unusual” punishments including the death penalty
• Frederick II The Great of Prussia   * The war of Austrian Succession - Maria Theresa took Austrian Throne and Frederick the Great wanted part of Austrian territory (Silesia) so he fought for it and won   * Seven Years War - Europe wanted to lower Prussia’s power so an alliance was formed between France, Russia, Sweden, and Austria     * England joined Prussia to oppose France   * reforms = torture outlawed, fair courts, new agriculture
• Catherine the Great of Russia   * reforms - further westernized, supported the studying of philosophy, tried to educate and improve local gov
• Maria Theresa / Joseph II   * Maria reform: limited power of papacy fixed bureaucracy, weakened nobles   * Joseph reform: outlawed serfdom

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French Revolution

• problems in third estate:   * Bourgeoisie want: abolition of mercantilism, fair distribution of taxes, great voice in gov + REVOLT   * Peasants want: freedom from serfdom and high taxes + REVOLT
• political causes of French rev =major debt and ineffective rulers
• religious causes: church corruption and tithes (tax)
• technological causes: guillotine and printing press
• economic causes: Seven years war, War of Louis XIV, Versailles, American rev, ineffective tax system, problems with parliament, rising cost of bread
• Jacques Necker - argued that the government should give free food
• The Moderate stage:   * Estates general called by Louis XVI to resolve the financial crisis in France     * first time meeting in 175 years   * voting system is established - each estate has one vote   * National assembly - 3rd estate declares itself the National assembly   * Tennis court Oath - vows not to disband until a constitution if formed   * Louis XVI orders the National assembly to disband and they refuse     * as a compromise he orders first two estates to join the national assembly   * Moderate middle class and liberal nobility are officially in control instead of monarchy   * Storming of Bastille - people storm it looking for gunpowder     * city now has an armed force   * tri color flag emerges   * power shifts from king to national assembly   * The Great Fear = time period where multitudes of rumors spread     * peasants ruthlessly kill nobles and destroy serfdom papers because of a rumor   * Declaration of the rights of men - national assembly clearly states what reforms they want     * liberty, security, prosperity     * ended feudal rights of nobles over peasants   * Declaration of the Rights of Women - de Gouges argued for financial independency for women   * The Civil Constitution of the clergy - bishop and priests are now elected by popular vote instead of nepotism     * national assembly confiscates land from RCC and abolishes tithes   * Constitution of 1791 - redefined the French Gov     * three branches = national assembly, king, and judicial branch     * abolished estate system     * tax paying male citizens have the rights to vote
• The Radical stage:   * causes: threats from foreign nations, counterrevolutionaries, attempted fleeing of king, bad economy (inflation)   * Jacobins - radical debating society   * National convention - basically the national assembly with a new name     * new election, new constitution, radicals take charge     * demand right to vote for ALL men not just tax paying     * vote to KILL the king   * Committee of public safety - decides who lives and dies in trials     * goal = crush the enemies of the revolution     * drafted anyone 18-25 years old   * consequences of red terror     * overthrow of monarchy     * weakened power and wealth of nobility     * secularization of the state     * more equality for men before the law     * reorganization of the military
• The Conservative phase:   * Thermidorian reaction: closed the Jacobins club, reopened churches, lifted economic restrictions, formed new constitution   * Directory:     * people involved in the Reign of Terror are killed = white terror     * ruled by bourgeoisie liberals     * electors can only be males over 21 that owned or rented property     * political instability in directory - inflation, revolts, Communist revolts
• The Napoleonic stage:   * established new gov called consulate   * his names: first consul → consul for life → emperor   * Domestic reforms & policies:     * agreements with catholic church - he controlled cc from the shadows while the cc became the official religion of France     * Napoleonic code - legal equality of all male citizens, women lost almost all rights previously gained     * strengthened the bureaucracy - former revolutionaries put in government positions, rich people invited back and given jobs, new imperial nobility made of catholics     * financial reforms - everyone pays taxes now, established public loans, Bank of France     * public school system - aimed to prepare students for gov jobs, admission not merit based     * spy system - eyes and ears everywhere to hear when people talk bad about Napoleon   * Continental system - Napoleon tried to weaken Great Britain by stopping continental trade   * Fall from power:     * Napoleon’s invasion of Russia drastically fails     * Napoleon abdicates and is sent to Elba (he soon escapes)     * raises an army to fight Europe for sending him to Elba and is now sent to another island

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