Studied by 3 people
Beccaria
- argued against "cruel and unusual "punishments including the death penalty.
Henry IV
= politique because he became Catholic to fix the religious mess in France.
Tennis court Oath
- vows not to disband until a constitution if formed.
Oliver Cromwell
- leads army that defeats royalist.
Aristotelian universe
- included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world.
Encomienda system
- basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)
James I
- wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliaments consent.
English Bill of Rights
- settled all major issues between king + parliament.
Franco Dutch war
- expanded french territory to Netherlands.
Prides purge
- Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a "Rump "Parliament.
Predestination
- God already decided who is saved /damned.
Electors
- can only be males over 21 that owned or rented property.
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV Passed religious toleration in England.
Charles I
- very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars.
male citizens
Tax paying ____ have the rights to vote.
Puritan Commonwealth
The ________- creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government.
decides
Committee of public safety- ________ who lives and dies in trials.
Pragmatic sanction
________- Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir.
Florence
________- ruled by medici family.
John Wycliffe
________- stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection.
Edict of Restitution
________- all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored.
civic humanism
idea that education should prepare leaders to achieve in civic affairs
Francis Petrarch
father of humanism
humanism
emphasized human beings, achievements, interests, capabilities
individualism
personality, uniqueness, genius, full development of capabilities
Florence
ruled by medici family
cottage industry
textile (cloth) work done by peasants in their homes
inner city warfare in Italy
no city wanted any other city getting too strong
john Wycliffe
stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection
Edict of Worm
Luther is outlawed
predestination
God already decided who is saved/damned
Pease of Augsburg
religion determined by local ruler
religious reason
France is religiously divided (nobles want to be huguenots)
political reason
nobles dont want to submit to monarchy so they adopt calvinism to resist
passed Edict of Nantes
religious toleration in England
causes
religious division of HRE + Hasburgs too powerful
Civil war in Bohemia
Catholic leader but Protestant majority
Defenestration of Prague
Catholic leaders thrown out window into manuer by Protestants
Edict of Restitution
all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored
causes
renaissance, missionaries, monarchs seeking new revenue, technology advances
new technology
caravel, lateen sail (sail with or against the wind), wheel lock
House of Trade
control economic matters in colonies
Viceroyalties
states controlled by Viceroys
Viceroys
appointed by monarch + controlled military and civil authority
Encomienda system
basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)
The treaty of Tordesillas
pope gives Portugal slave trade and Spain control of South America
Cause
French Religious Wars, thirty years war, inflation
common obstacles
bad roads (infrastructure), lack of census info to tax, competition for power with monarchs clergy and nobles
Declaration of Clergy of France
limited the Popes power
appointed new finance minister
Colbert
Code Louis
centralized uniform code of law
Franco-Dutch war
expanded french territory to Netherlands
janissaries
army composed of slaves (devshirme)
devshirme
christian slaves
millet system
religious community granted autonomy for taxes
Pragmatic sanction
Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir
Frederick William "The great Elector"
strengthened central authority
Frederick William I "The Soldier King"
strengthened royal authority and created greatest army through draft
Ivan III "Ivan the Great"
continued mongol policies but did not recognize mongols as Russias leaders
Ivan IV "Ivan the Terrible"
1st to take title of "tsar" and controlled boyars (nobles)
Peter the Great
modernization and westernization of Russia
Table of Ranks
merit based military system
souls tax
every person had to pay a tax
magna carta
king must ask for popular consent to tax from Parliament
Elizabeth bargain
parliament and king have cooperative "alliance" before civil war
James I
wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliaments consent
gunpowder plot
people tried to blow him up
Charles I
very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars
Ship tax
since parliament wont give money he creates a new tax on inland people
Petition of Rights
parliament says they will give money if Charles promises to not tax without consent, no imprisonment without due cause, etc
Civil war
royalist vs parliamentarians
Battle of Naseby
name drop
Prides purge
Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a "Rump" Parliament
The Puritan Commonwealth
creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government
The Protectorate
Cromwell dismisses Rump Parliament, gives relgiious toleration to Jews, Cromwell becomes a dictator and people HATE HIM (but he dies soon)
Charles II
willing to play the parliament game but was secretly sympathetic to Catholics
James II
VERY Catholic and absolutist so hes gotten rid of immediately and sent to live with Louis XIV in France
English Bill of Rights
settled all major issues between king + parliament
steady economy
not much inflation
masters of the carrying trade
would ship goods everywhere
Dutch East India Co
stock/investment system
separated religion from education
students allowed to experiment on humans
England broke off Dutch trade
1651 Navigation Act reqd goods to be transported on English ships which weekend Dutch economy
Aristotelian universe
included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world
Empiricism
sense based thinking (Bacon)
Inductive Reasoning
observe → generalize → find patterns (Bacon)
Deductive Reasoning
experiment → predict → theorize (Descartes)
Descartes
dualism (Mind and matter), deductive thinking, doubt everything
Galen
illness comes from imbalance of 4 humors
Vesalius
human anatomy
Harvey
circulatory system
Voltaire
freedom of speech and religion
Diderot
complied Encyclopedia
Beccaria
argued against "cruel and unusual" punishments including the death penalty
The war of Austrian Succession
Maria Theresa took Austrian Throne and Frederick the Great wanted part of Austrian territory (Silesia) so he fought for it and won
Seven Years War
Europe wanted to lower Prussias power so an alliance was formed between France, Russia, Sweden, and Austria
reforms
further westernized, supported the studying of philosophy, tried to educate and improve local gov
Maria reform
limited power of papacy fixed bureaucracy, weakened nobles
Joseph reform
outlawed serfdom
Bourgeoisie want
abolition of mercantilism, fair distribution of taxes, great voice in gov + REVOLT
Note 
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