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students changes to wundt’s psychology
structuralism
→ seeks to analyze the adult mind (the total sum of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find how these components fit together to form more complex experiences as well as how they correlate to physical events.
titchener
→ one of wundt’s students, who created his own society
psychophysical parallelist
argued explanation via processes in the nervous system brings unity and coherence to the study of psychological processes
stimulus error
introspective descriptions must be limited to the contents of the experience being analysed, it should not be contaminated by knowledge of the nature of the stimulus responsible for the mental contents
edwards
supported the idea that everything is predestined, it is impossible to escape the destiny
james
→ wrote principles of psychology in 1890 started functionalism
= it describes the mind as a functional tool that allows us to adapt to our environments
stream of consciousness
=> forever going although changing
self divided in 2 parts
phenomena
observable
conditions
bodily conditions
instinct
an act done in a certain way to pursue a certain aim
habit
learned activity acquired by repetition
response-produces stimuli
change in the environment is the stimulus; the reaction of the organism to it is the response
theory of emotion (james-lange theory)
= suggests that physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion
pragmaticism
looking at current situation, making things simpler, looking for easy and direct solutions
epistemology
he philosophy and knowledge behind the belief that you will investigate by making use of a research method
ontology
“the science of being”, the ontology is a statement of fact without explanation.
functionalism
= search for how mental processes contribute to accommodatory efficiency (how it helps the human organism to adapt to certain situations and environments)
→ is oriented and open-minded and is opposed to structuralism, give importance to habits and bodily processes
dewey
→ wrote an article on the reflex arc concept which was an important psychological contribution, this argued one cannot split up a piece of behavior in arcs and the arcs into stimuli and responses
angell
distinguished between structuralism vs. functionalism
→ studies conscious content versus studies operations of consciousness and attempts analysis into elements versus having concerns with nature, functions of mental processes and putting an emphasis on how they work
identification of functional psychology
effort to portray the typical operations of consciousness under actual life conditions
thorndike
→ continuous increase in the efficiency of behavior in problem solving, the behavior is initially random but learning occurs with elimination of wrong responses
the law of exercise
behaviour is more strongly established through frequent connections of stimulus and response
law of effect
any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped
animal psychology
animal studies are congenial to behaviorism because animals can’t answer questions → you can only study them by observing their behavior
romanes
common ancestors = many common traits - wanted to research animal intelligence
morgan
animals learn by trial-and-error → something happens by chance, this gives reward, they’ll repeat it again (operant conditioning)
law of parsimony
the simplest explanation of an event or observation is the preferred explanation
law of parsimony of Morgan (comparative psychology)
animal activity should not be interpreted in terms of higher psychological processes if it can be interpreted in terms of lower processes
pavlov
classical conditioning (dog, saliva and reflexology)
washburn
first woman with a phd in psychology
watson
→ had 4 children, raised them in a behaviorist way and all attempted suicide
behaviorisms views on psychology
→ proposed behavioral substitutes for before purely subjective concepts
the behaviorist manifesto
stated that psychology should become a natural (real) science and introspection (subjective) methods shouldn’t be used
3 inherited psychological reactions (responses)
fear: sudden noise/loss of physical support
rage: constrained body movement
love: touch
→ we learn classical conditioning
4 types of behavior
reflexes
=> an involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus
types of reflexes:
watson’s environmentalist promise
believed each person can be raised into any possible thing based on how they are raised up regardless of his talents, tendencies etc. all that is needed is control over the environment
watson on thinking
thinking is considered as internal speech or subvocal talking
→ enters the general stream of implicit activity
molecular
cutting behavior into smaller pieces; concerned with muscular reactions
reductionism
the idea that complicated behaviors and phenomena can be better explained by “reducing” them into small, simple pieces
prime unit
a reflex
behaviorism
= emphasis on behavior rather than the mind
→ behavior: reaction to a stimulus
environmentalism
behavior = habit (acquired through classical conditioning)
determinism
everything happens for a reason and has a cause
reductionism
does not talk about mind and thinking; reduces the scope of psychology
the problem of other minds
weak knowledge I have about another's experience, our
perception is unverifiable; cannot know exactly what the other person is thinking/experiencing
neo-behaviorism
research focused on studying behavior and learning processes
skinner
found operant conditioning (negative vs positive reinforcement)
radical behaviourist (reductionist) -> did not take into consideration any internal variable or implicit behaviour
argued that since environmental consequences control behaviour, societies should try to set up environment in a way to maximize fulfilling, constructive and productive behaviour and the actualization of all positive potentials
hull
tolman
purposive behaviorism
behavior is functional and implies a relationship between the organism and its environment, reveals cognition and purpose
behaviorism vs neo behaviorism
b: classical conditioning vs n: operant, classical and other conditionings
b: can’t talk about mind through behavior vs n: refers to what happens within the organism