APUSH - HP 4 Vocab + Connections

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin (1793) and interchangeable parts, revolutionizing U.S. manufacturing and agriculture; boosted the cotton economy and expanded slavery in the South. (led to growth of slavery and industrialization)

Hartford Convention

1814–15 Federalist meeting protesting the War of 1812; discussed states’ rights and possible secession; discredited the Federalists. (led to decline of Federalist Party)

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who sought to unite Native tribes against U.S. expansion; defeated and killed in the War of 1812. (led to collapse of Native resistance in Old Northwest)

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

Shawnee religious leader promoting Native cultural revival; defeat at Tippecanoe (1811) weakened his movement. (led to loss of Native unity)

Toussaint L’Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution; overthrew French control and ended slavery in Haiti. (led to Louisiana Purchase and fear of slave revolts)

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Supreme Court case confirming federal supremacy and implied powers of Congress. (led to stronger national government authority)

Monroe Doctrine

1823 policy warning Europe not to colonize or interfere in the Americas. (led to increased U.S. influence in Western Hemisphere)

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 case giving Congress power over interstate commerce. (led to expanded federal control over economy)

Factory System

Centralized machine-based production and wage labor; key to industrial growth. (led to urbanization and rise of working class)

Seminole Wars

Conflicts (1817–1858) over Native removal and slavery in Florida. (led to U.S. control of Florida and Native displacement)

Henry Clay

“Great Compromiser”; promoted American System and key compromises on slavery. (led to temporary sectional balance)

Worcester v. Georgia

1832 case recognizing Cherokee sovereignty; ignored by Jackson. (led to Trail of Tears)

Spoils System

Giving government jobs to political supporters under Jackson. (led to corruption and call for civil service reform)

Whigs

Party opposing Andrew Jackson; favored Congressional power, reform, and modernization. (led to rise of Republican Party after collapse)

Indian Removal Act

1830 law forcing Native tribes west to Oklahoma. (led to Trail of Tears)

“Five Civilized Tribes”

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole; adopted U.S. culture but were still removed west. (led to forced relocation and loss of land)

Commonwealth v. Hunt

1842 case legalizing labor unions and strikes. (led to early progress in workers’ rights)

Know-Nothings

1850s nativist party opposing immigrants and Catholics. (led to rise of anti-immigrant politics)

Lowell System

Used young women in textile factories with strict rules and housing. (led to early labor movements by women)

Nativism

Anti-immigrant sentiment favoring native-born Protestants. (led to Know-Nothing Party and discrimination)

Hudson River School

Artists painting American landscapes and nature’s beauty. (led to national pride and Romanticism in art)

Nathaniel Hawthorne

Romantic author exploring sin, guilt, and morality in works like The Scarlet Letter. (led to critique of Puritanism and human flaws)

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Transcendentalist promoting individualism, self-reliance, and nature. (led to growth of reform and transcendentalist movement)

Seneca Falls Convention

1848 women’s rights convention led by Stanton and Mott; issued Declaration of Sentiments. (led to start of women’s suffrage movement)

Shakers

Utopian community promoting celibacy, equality, and communal living. (led to model for later reform and communal experiments)

Edgar Allan Poe

Romantic author exploring madness and death in works like The Raven. (led to development of Gothic literature)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Organizer of Seneca Falls Convention; co-wrote Declaration of Sentiments. (led to women’s rights and suffrage movement)

Frederick Douglass

Former enslaved man and abolitionist leader; published The North Star. (led to rise of antislavery activism)

Susan B. Anthony

Women’s suffrage leader; co-founded NWSA and fought for equality. (led to advancement of women’s voting rights)

Joseph Smith

Founder of the Mormon Church (LDS); published Book of Mormon (1830); killed by mob. (led to westward migration to Utah under Brigham Young)