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Histology
The study of tissues.
Biopsy
The removal of living tissue for microscopic examination.
Connective tissue
Tissue that transports, protects, supports, and binds tissues and organs; stores energy as fat; provides immunity.
Muscular tissue
Tissue that produces movement via contraction and generates body heat.
Epithelial tissue
Tissue that covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts; forms glands.
Nervous tissue
Tissue that detects changes in the body and responds by generating nerve impulses.
Intercellular junctions
Various types of connections between adjacent cells.
Tight junctions
Junctions that create a leakproof seal between cells.
Adherens junctions
Junctions that make an adhesion belt to prevent tissues from separating.
Desmosomes
Junctions that act as "spot welds" to connect adjacent cells.
Hemidesmosomes
Junctions that join cells to the basement membrane.
Gap junctions
Pores that allow small substances to pass between cells, enabling rapid communication.
Germ layers
The different layers of cells from which each tissue type develops.
Simple epithelia
Epithelia composed of a single thin layer of cells.
Stratified epithelia
Epithelia composed of two or more layers of cells.
Endocrine glands
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into the blood vessels.
Exocrine glands
Glands that secrete substances through ducts to the epithelial surface.
Skeletal muscle
Muscle under voluntary control that contracts to pull on bones or skin.
Cardiac muscle
Muscle under involuntary control found in the myocardium of the heart wall.
Smooth muscle
Muscle under involuntary control found in the walls of hollow organs.
Connective tissue
The most abundant and widely distributed tissue type in the body.
Ground substance
The non-living extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
Protein fibers
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue.
Loose connective tissue
Connective tissue that includes areolar, adipose, and reticular tissues.
Dense connective tissue
Connective tissue that includes regular, irregular, and elastic tissues.
Cartilage
Connective tissue that includes hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
Bone (osseous) tissue
Connective tissue that includes compact and spongy bone.
Liquid connective tissue
Connective tissue that includes blood and lymph.
Tissue damage
Injury to living tissue caused by trauma, disease, or wear and tear.
Physical trauma
Injury to living tissue caused by an external agent.
Strains and sprains
Injuries caused by wear and tear.
Regeneration
The replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells.
Mesenchymal cells
Multipotent adult stem cells that can differentiate into many types of tissue cells needed for regeneration.
Fibrosis
The replacement of destroyed tissue by dense (fibrous) connective tissue, forming scar tissue.
Fibroblasts
Cells responsible for fibrosis and the production of collagen.
Connective tissue repair
The process of repairing damaged connective tissue.
Haematopoietic stem cells
Stem cells found in red bone marrow that can make blood cells.
Limited tissue repair
The limited capacity for tissue repair in nervous, muscle, dense connective tissue, and cartilage tissues in adults.
Intrinsic hypocellularity
Lack of cells within a tissue or structure.
Dense extracellular matrix
A tightly packed network of molecules outside of cells that restricts cell movement and proliferation at an injury site.
Sprain
The stretching or tearing of ligaments, which affects joint reinforcement and range of motion.
Grade 1 sprain
Ligament is stretched but not torn.
Grade 2 sprain
Ligament is partially torn, accompanied by inflammation and bruising.
Grade 3 sprain
Ligament is completely torn or ruptured, causing inflammation and bruising.
Joint instability
Joints become unstable due to severe sprains, leading to bones moving out of alignment and an extended range of motion.
Bone fractures
Breaks in bones.
Closed fracture
A fracture that does not penetrate the skin.
Open fracture
A fracture where the broken bone penetrates through the skin.
Reduction and immobilization
Treatment for bone fractures involving realignment and immobilization of the broken bone.
Haematoma
A blood-filled swelling that forms at the site of a bone fracture.
Fibrocartilage callus
The splinting of a bone fracture by fibrocartilage, which is later replaced by a bony callus.
Bony callus
A solid mass of spongy bone that replaces the fibrocartilage callus during bone fracture repair.
Permanent patch
The remodeling of the bony callus into compact bone to form a permanent fix for the bone fracture.
Skeletal muscle repair
Skeletal muscle cells cannot divide but can lay down new protein and enlarge (hypertrophy) to repair damage.
Satellite cells
Stem cells found in skeletal muscle that divide and fuse with existing muscle fibers to regenerate and repair damaged muscle tissue.
Cardiac muscle repair
Cardiac muscle lacks stem cells for tissue regeneration and has limited repair capacity.
Smooth muscle repair
Smooth muscle regenerates from pericytes, which are stem cells found in some blood vessels.
Myofibrosis
Replacement of muscle tissue by scar tissue, reducing muscle functionality.
Strain
Stretching or tearing of skeletal or cardiac muscle fibers due to excessive force or stretching beyond limits.
Grade I strain
Mild strain with a few stretched or torn muscle fibers, maintaining normal muscle strength.
Grade II strain
Moderate strain with more injured fibers, inflammation, loss of strength, and possible bruising.
Grade III strain
Severe strain that tears the muscle all the way through, resulting in complete loss of muscle function, inflammation, and bruising.
Nervous tissue repair
Nerve cells cannot divide and replace damaged cells, but the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has some capacity for repair and regeneration.
Gliosis
Formation of scar tissue composed of glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS) as a response to tissue damage.
Epithelial tissue repair
Epithelial tissues have a high regenerative capacity through the division and differentiation of stem cells or parenchymal cells.
Exocrine glands
Glands that continuously lose cells and replace them with new ones through regeneration, such as the liver and sebaceous glands.
Endocrine glands
Glands that contain stem cells capable of tissue regeneration, such as the pituitary, adrenal, and pancreas.
Open wound healing
The healing process for wounds that extend to the dermis and subcutaneous layer, resulting in scar tissue formation.
Epidermal wound healing
Healing of superficial wounds that only affect the epidermis, usually leading to a return to normal function.
Inflammation and haemostasis
The initial stage of wound healing involving bleeding stoppage, inflammation, and clot formation.
Organisation and blood supply restoration
The stage of wound healing where new capillaries grow, granulation tissue replaces the blood clot, and epithelium begins to regenerate.
Regeneration and fibrosis
The final stage of wound healing involving the regeneration of surface epithelium and the formation of scar tissue.
Burns
Tissue damage caused by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature proteins in the skin cells.
First-degree burn
A burn that affects only the epidermis.
Second-degree burn
A burn that destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis.
Third-degree burn
A full-thickness burn that affects the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer.
Critical burns
Burns that cover a large percentage of the body or affect critical areas like the face, hands, feet, or perineum.
Rule of nines
A method used to estimate the surface area affected by a burn.
Haemostasis
The stoppage of bleeding to prevent blood loss.
Vascular spasm
Constriction of blood vessels to reduce blood loss.
Platelet plug formation
Platelets clump together to form a plug at the site of a broken blood vessel.
Blood clotting/coagulation
A series of reactions that transform blood from a liquid to a gel to form a clot.
Thrombus
A clot in an unbroken blood vessel that may block circulation and cause tissue death.
Embolus
A thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the bloodstream, potentially clogging vessels in critical areas.
Bleeding disorders
Conditions like thrombocytopenia and haemophilia that affect the normal clotting process.
Haematoma
A collection of coagulated blood outside a blood vessel, often visible as bruises.
Phagocytosis
The process of engulfing and clearing cellular debris by phagocytes.
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