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Chem Basics

Week 1 (gps)

Chemistry: science of the structure, composition and properties of matter

Matter + Energy

Solid: definite SHAPE + VOLUME ---- Liquid: definite volume + shape of container ---- Gas: neither definite volume nor a definite volume

Mind Map: Matter

Central Idea: Matter

  • Definition: Anything w. mass + volume

Main Branches:

  1. Classification of Matter

    • Pure Substances: any matter that is HOMOGENEOUS and has a fixed composition by mass

      • Elements: contain atoms of a SINGLE type and CANNOT decompose further

      • Compounds: 1+ type of element; compositions are FIXED

    • Mixtures: 2+ diff substances mixed together

      • Homogeneous Mixtures: UNIFORM combo of substances at a molecular level AKA components are EVENLY mixed and visually indistinguishable.

        • Ex: saltwater (NaCl + H2O)

      • Heterogeneous Mixtures: NOT uniformly dispersed AKA scattered

  1. Physical Properties: measured w/o changing the identity + composition of a substance

    • Ex: color, odor, density, melting/boiling point, solubility, texture

  2. Chemical Properties: lead to changes in the identity + composition of a substance

  3. Changes in Matter

    • Physical Changes/Rxn: changes that accompany the measurement of PHYSICAL properties

      • Reversible Changes

      • Irreversible Changes

        • Ex: phase changes

    • Chemical Changes/Rxn: changes that accompany the measurement of CHEMICAL properties

      • Formation of New Substances

      • Energy Changes

  4. Atomic Structure

    • Atoms

      • Protons (+)

        • the identity of an element is determined by the atomic #/proton #

      • Neutrons (0)]

        • neutron # does NOT change an elements identity

        • neutrons add MASS to an atom

      ISOTOPE: element w same # of protons but diff # of neutrons AKA change in neutron #

      • Electrons (-)

    • Elements

      • Atomic Number

        • atomic # = proton # = electron #

        • periodic table is organized by INCREASING atomic #

      • Atomic Mass

        • proton # = atomic # = electron #

        • atomic mass = p - n (proton # - neutron #)

    • Molecules: smallest identifiable sample of a substance

      • Monatomic Molecules: isolated atoms (do not want to interact and react w other atoms) AKA noble gases (g18)

        • He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

      • Polyatomic Molecules: 2+ atoms linked (too much)

        • O3, P4, S8, C60

      • Diatomic Molecules: EXACTLY 2 atoms (paired with itself!!)

        • 7 up aka. H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

      • Chemical Formulas

      • Bonding Types

  5. Energy and Matter

    • Forms of Energy:

      • Heat (q)

        • endothermic: absorb/input heat

        • exothermic: release heat

      • Chemical

      • Electrical

      • Light

      • Nuclear

      • Mechanical Energy

        • Kinetic: energy associated w motion

        • Potential: energy associated w. position

      • Conservation of Energy: Energy CANNOT be created or destroyed. It can ONLY change from one form to another.

  6. Laws and Theories

    • Law of Conservation of Mass

    • Law of Definite Proportions

    • Atomic Theory of Matter

Sub-Branches:

  • Elements

    • Metals

    • Non-metals

    • Metalloids

  • Compounds

    • Chemical Formulas

    • Chemical Reactions

  • Homogeneous Mixtures

    • Solutions

    • Alloys

  • Heterogeneous Mixtures

    • Suspensions

    • Colloids

  • Solid

    • Crystalline Solids

    • Amorphous Solids

  • Liquid

    • Viscosity

    • Surface Tension

  • Gas

    • Pressure

    • Boyle's Law

  • Reversible Changes

    • Melting

    • Freezing

  • Irreversible Changes

    • Burning

    • Decomposition

  • Formation of New Substances

    • Combustion

    • Oxidation

  • Energy Changes

    • Exothermic Reactions

    • Endothermic Reactions

Chem Basics

Week 1 (gps)

Chemistry: science of the structure, composition and properties of matter

Matter + Energy

Solid: definite SHAPE + VOLUME ---- Liquid: definite volume + shape of container ---- Gas: neither definite volume nor a definite volume

Mind Map: Matter

Central Idea: Matter

  • Definition: Anything w. mass + volume

Main Branches:

  1. Classification of Matter

    • Pure Substances: any matter that is HOMOGENEOUS and has a fixed composition by mass

      • Elements: contain atoms of a SINGLE type and CANNOT decompose further

      • Compounds: 1+ type of element; compositions are FIXED

    • Mixtures: 2+ diff substances mixed together

      • Homogeneous Mixtures: UNIFORM combo of substances at a molecular level AKA components are EVENLY mixed and visually indistinguishable.

        • Ex: saltwater (NaCl + H2O)

      • Heterogeneous Mixtures: NOT uniformly dispersed AKA scattered

  1. Physical Properties: measured w/o changing the identity + composition of a substance

    • Ex: color, odor, density, melting/boiling point, solubility, texture

  2. Chemical Properties: lead to changes in the identity + composition of a substance

  3. Changes in Matter

    • Physical Changes/Rxn: changes that accompany the measurement of PHYSICAL properties

      • Reversible Changes

      • Irreversible Changes

        • Ex: phase changes

    • Chemical Changes/Rxn: changes that accompany the measurement of CHEMICAL properties

      • Formation of New Substances

      • Energy Changes

  4. Atomic Structure

    • Atoms

      • Protons (+)

        • the identity of an element is determined by the atomic #/proton #

      • Neutrons (0)]

        • neutron # does NOT change an elements identity

        • neutrons add MASS to an atom

      ISOTOPE: element w same # of protons but diff # of neutrons AKA change in neutron #

      • Electrons (-)

    • Elements

      • Atomic Number

        • atomic # = proton # = electron #

        • periodic table is organized by INCREASING atomic #

      • Atomic Mass

        • proton # = atomic # = electron #

        • atomic mass = p - n (proton # - neutron #)

    • Molecules: smallest identifiable sample of a substance

      • Monatomic Molecules: isolated atoms (do not want to interact and react w other atoms) AKA noble gases (g18)

        • He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

      • Polyatomic Molecules: 2+ atoms linked (too much)

        • O3, P4, S8, C60

      • Diatomic Molecules: EXACTLY 2 atoms (paired with itself!!)

        • 7 up aka. H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

      • Chemical Formulas

      • Bonding Types

  5. Energy and Matter

    • Forms of Energy:

      • Heat (q)

        • endothermic: absorb/input heat

        • exothermic: release heat

      • Chemical

      • Electrical

      • Light

      • Nuclear

      • Mechanical Energy

        • Kinetic: energy associated w motion

        • Potential: energy associated w. position

      • Conservation of Energy: Energy CANNOT be created or destroyed. It can ONLY change from one form to another.

  6. Laws and Theories

    • Law of Conservation of Mass

    • Law of Definite Proportions

    • Atomic Theory of Matter

Sub-Branches:

  • Elements

    • Metals

    • Non-metals

    • Metalloids

  • Compounds

    • Chemical Formulas

    • Chemical Reactions

  • Homogeneous Mixtures

    • Solutions

    • Alloys

  • Heterogeneous Mixtures

    • Suspensions

    • Colloids

  • Solid

    • Crystalline Solids

    • Amorphous Solids

  • Liquid

    • Viscosity

    • Surface Tension

  • Gas

    • Pressure

    • Boyle's Law

  • Reversible Changes

    • Melting

    • Freezing

  • Irreversible Changes

    • Burning

    • Decomposition

  • Formation of New Substances

    • Combustion

    • Oxidation

  • Energy Changes

    • Exothermic Reactions

    • Endothermic Reactions

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