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Volcano

Opening in the earth’s surface where molten rocks, smoke, gasses and ashes are erupted.

January 12, 2020

Taal Eruption (Phreatic)

June 15, 1991

Mount Pinatubo (Plinian)

TALLEST VOLCANO MARS

Olympus Mons

TALLEST volcanoes on EARTH

Mauna Kea

LARGEST on earth

Mauna Loa

LARGEST CALDER

Apolaki

1, 500

No. Of active volcanoes in the WORLD

Caldera

Formed when a part of the wall collapses because of an explosive eruption

Active Volcano

Had at least erupted during the past 10,000 yrs (Pinatubo - ZAMBALES, Mayon - ALBAY, Mt Bulusan - SORSOGON, Canlaon Volcano - NEGROS OCCI)

Inactive Volcano

Have not erupted for the last 10,000 yrs (Cocoro Volcano - PALAWAN, Tamburok volcano - VISAYAS, Pulung Volcano - ZAMBOANGA, Ben Nevis - SCOTLAND)

extinct

No sign of eruption, and is not expected to erupt again

Dormant

In a sleeping state for at least 2,000 yrs. Could erupt at any time (Mt. Kilimanjaro - AFRICA, Mt. Fuji - JAPAN)

Composition of Volcanic Gases

60-90% water, 10-40% CO2, Sulfur Dioxide, methane, hydrogen gas etc.

Viscosity

Property of material’s resistance to flow, thickness and flowyness

High Viscosity

Thick

Low Viscosity

Flowy

High Viscosity

Low tempt, High Silica content, Low gas content, More violent

Low Viscosity

High tempt, low silica content, High amount of gas, less violent

Composite Volcano

HIGH VISCOSITY (Stratovolcanoes) Large with steep sides, more violent (Mayon, Mt.Fuji, Mt.Cotopaxi)

Shield Volcano

LOW VISCOSITY Lava flows quietly, producing eruptions of basaltic lava-Black rocks. (Mauna Loa in Hawaii, Kohala Volcano, Kilauea)

Cinder Cone

HIGH VISCOSITY Wide crater, steep slope, narrow base. Common volcano. Produce cinder ash. Consists entirely of tephra. Pyroclastic material - lava fragments carried through the air.

Phreatic or Hydrothermal

Common type. Contact of hot rocks & water. Steam driven, white smoke. (Ex: Mayon)

Phreatomagmatic

Black ash. Contact of magma & water. Common in cinder volcanoes.

Strombolian

Fountain Lava

Vulcanian

Eruption up to 20 km. Pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra

Plinian

Most violent. Ash and gas up to 50 km. Eruption of gas and pyroclastic.

Heat Pumps

It transfers the hot/cold air from the outside, inside a certain room so that the room will be at a moderate temperature, or you can adjust to to get cold/warm. (Parang aircon)

Direct District Heating System

The heat comes from a specific location (The ground-where warm water originates) and the pipes distribute the heat/steam to different locations such as buildings, houses, etc. Once it is cold and used, it comes down again and will be mixed with hot ground water again.

Electricity Generation

Uses a turbine generator to convert the hot ground water/steam/air into electricity.

Power Plants

Generates Electricity

Geothermal Power Plant

Draws fluid from underground to the surface to produce steam, that steam is what drives the turbine that generates electricity.

(It has 3 main types: Dry steam, flash steam, binary cycle)

Dry Steam

Oldest type. They use hydrothermal fluids (which is already mostly steam) to go to a turbine that makes it produce electricity. The steam is a substitute instead of burning fossil fuels to run the turbine.

Flash Steam

Common type. Fluids wth a certain tempt pumped from underground. That fluid is ‘flashed’ due to pressure and turns into vapor. The vapor then drives the turbine, which drives a generator until it turns to energy.

Binary Cycle

It can use both low and high tempt while the dry and flash can only use hot tempt. Hot water is passed through a heat exchanger. The hot water clashes with the cold water then they create steam causing the turbine to drive and produce electricity.

Geothermal Power Plant Steps

I.Wells are drilled to pump hot water to the surface.

II.Once it reaches the surface, it will turn into steam due to drop in pressure.

III.The steam spins the turbine, which is connected to a generator that produces electricity

IV.Cooling tower cools the steam, condenses it back to water.

V. Cooled water pumps back in order to start the process again.

Geothermal Heat Pumps

It transfers the hot/cold air from the outside, inside a certain room so that the room will be at a moderate temperature, or you can adjust to to get cold/warm. (Parang aircon)

Power Plant & Heat Pumps difference

They differ in the depth of heat source to produce energy. Heat pumps: 6 ft underground. Power plants: 100-400 ft deep, turns water into vapor/steam.

Geothermal

energy is often FOUND in geysers, hot springs, fumaroles, geothermal reservoirs or it was often built where volcanic activity occurs.

Climate Change

A long term change in the earth's climate. Change due to increase in the activity of atmospheric temperature.

Weather

A short term change. Ex: Today is raining, but yesterday was still sunny.

Global Warming

Refers to rise in the temperature of the surface of the earth due to build up of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse Effect

Allows sunlight to enter but traps heat. It attracts toxic gasses, therefore trapping it causes the earth’s surface to warm up.

El Niño

“Little boy” in spanish. Warm tempt is West to east, vice versa to cool tempt.

El Niña

“Little girl” in spanish. Cool temperature is east to west. Warm tempt is west to east.

Latitude

The imaginary horizontal line that starts at the equator, runs east to west and measures the distance north to south. The farther away from the equator, the colder the climate becomes.

Altitude

Height above sea level. The air temperature decreases as the altitude increases. The density of air at the bottom is tightly packed, the molecules are further apart when they are above.

Distance from the Ocean

The closer to the ocean, the cooler the land gets. Soil heats and cools down faster because the molecules are tightly packed.

Daytime

Temperature from the ground is higher than the tempt above the sea.

Nightime

Tempt from the ground is lower than the tempt above the sea.

Topography

It is the surface features of an area. It affects the climate because mountains block the cold air from flowing over the warm ground, resulting in warmer temp to the other side of the mountain.

Windward

Precipitation happens, warm, moist air. Clouds from due to condensation of water vapor, clouds become rain. As A Result of precipitation, rain goes to the windward side.

Leeward

Dry air, evaporation due to compression and warming. No clouds, no precipitation.

Rain Shadow

A rain shadow area is an area of dry land that lies on the leeward side of a mountain.

Ocean Currents

Continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by forces

Warm Currents

Away from the equator, directed to south and north poles. (When it carries warm water, the air above becomes warm)

Cold Currents

Away from south and north poles, directed to equator. (When it carries cold water, the air above becomes cold)

Star

A luminous body visible in the sky especially at night. Scientists believe it all came from huge clouds of gas and dust called nebulae.

Why stars have differ colors?

It indicates its surface tempt. Ranges from red, orange, yellow, white, to blue (hottest).

Brightness

A star’s apparent brightness is the brightness you see from earth. Star’s absolute brightness is the brightness the star would have if all stars were the same distance from earth.

Massive Star

=HOTTER SURFACE

WHY CAN WE SEE DIFFER CONSTELLATIONS AT DIFFER TIMES OF THE YEAR? WHY DO STARS VISIBLE IN MARCH NOT VISIBLE IN SEPTEMBER?

Due to earth’s revolution. As the earth circles the process of revolution, we see differ parts of the sky at differ parts of the year where there are also differ parts of constellations.

Equator

You can view the constellations that’s within that year

South/North Pole

You can only view the constellations that’s within the sky above you.

WHY DO STARS SEEM TO MOVE IN THE NIGHT SKY?

Due to Earth's rotation

HOW DO STARS MOVE?

East to West = Right to Left

Polaris: The North Star

Can only be seen if u’re located at the north pole since it nearly lies in a direct line with the axis of the earth’s rotation.

uses of constellation

Farmers used it to tell when to sow and harvest crops.

Ancient people studied constellation to mark seasons

Sailors used it to steer their ships at night as a navigation.