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AP World Ultimate Study Guide
UNIT 1 - The Global Tapestry (1200 - 1450)
CHINA
Song dynasty - ppl in charge at the time ruled China
How did they maintain power? - Confucianism - Creates a hierarchy, woman submit to men, children submit to parents, etc. AKA Filial piety
Role of Woman - 1. Woman were striped of legal rights. 2. Social restrictions - limited education.
Chinas imperial bureaucracy - Basically 1. Emperor makes rules 2. Gov officials make sure everyone keeps the rules. (another way to maintain power)
Civil service exam - If you wanted gov position you had to take a (CSE) this ensures that only educated ppl get into office.(another way to maintain power) Problems? Of course anyone could take it no matter status but only rich ppl could not work to study for it.
China influencing others - Korea - Adopted a civil service exam, Buddhism. Vietnam - Adopted writing systems of China. Japan - Adopted art, woodblock printing, traditions, but all were easily controlled because they were separated by sea unlike others
Buddhism Types - Theravada - ppl focused on meditation on there own and reunification of conciseness. Mahayana - Focused on helping others reach nirvana.
Economy - China began to make more products than they could use so they had to sell. Most notable products were Silk and Porcelain.
Agriculture - Champa Rice - Resisted drought and able to harvest multiple times a year so more food for ppl so they had a growing population.
Transportation - Grand Canal, Led to easy trade and connections to ppl.
Dar-al-Islam
Monotheistic religions - 1. Judaism - Religion of Jews 2. Christianity - extension of Judaism but focuses on prophet of Jesus Christ. 3. Islam - Founded by prophet Muhammed.
Polytheistic - Hinduism
Abbasid Caliphate - Arab, Started to decentralize, Then Turks took over.
Seljuk Empire - Abbasidâs needed military help expanding so they asked the Seljuks and that was a Big Mistake because they saw the weaknesses in the Abbasid Caliphate and they didnât fully Take over but they had most of the power now.
Golden age of Islam - When all these scholars gathered around the House of wisdom and started to make things like Trigonometry.
Expansion of Muslim Rule - 1. Military Expansion - Establishment of Seljuk Empire and Mamluk and Delhi Sultanate. 2. Muslim Merchants - Muslims were trading to Africa and the Mali Empire gradually started to convert to Islam. 3. Muslim missionaries - ppl went to go convert other ppl and was adaptable to local beliefs so it was easy for ppl to convert (most of south Asia that converted was due to Muslim missionaries.)
South and South East Asia
Where is this? China? - NO!!!, South is India area and South East is Taiwan and Vietnam and Philippines Area.
Bhakti Movement - Emphasized the devotion to only one god not many. Anti Caste system.
Delhi Sultanate - Muslim (north India)
Rajput Kingdom - Wanted to get Muslim rule out of India but did not succeed. (north India)
Vijayanagara Empire - Was created by Delhi Sultanate in attempts to get Muslim rule to the south of India and failed.
Now over to South East Asia
Majapahit Kingdom - Sea based Kingdom, Buddhist, Maintained power by controlling sea routes for trade.
Khmer Empire - Land based empire, Hindu kingdom then converted to Buddhism, Angkor Wat - Was a Hindu temple then after conversion to Buddhism they added many Buddhist structures without removing Hindu elements.
Americas
Aztec Empire - Decentralized, Huge empire, Created Tribute states - ppl they conquered were required to provide labor to Aztecs and regular contribution of goods (food, animals, buildings, materials) Enslaved ppl - Played huge role in being sacrifices.
Inca Empire - centralized, Unlike Aztecs witch after tributes stayed out of there hair the Incas created a Bureaucracy to ensure that the ppl they conquered were right under there control. The Incas created the Mit'a system - This required ppl under there rule to provide labor on state projects such as farms or mining or military or construction.
Mississippian Culture - Grew around the Mississippi river because the soil was so fertile, They ofc focused on agriculture.
Africa
Swahili Civilization - collection on cityâs that focused on trade on the east coast of Africa. Muslim traders influence. Rapidly became Islamic.
Most of These African civilizations focused on Trans Saharan Trade and got under Muslim influence while trading and languages stared to pop up and such.
Places like the Great Zimbabwe never converted to Islam and stayed indigenous and focused economy on Trade agriculture and gold.
Ethiopia - Worth mentioning because there Christian.
Europe
Christianity - Flourished in Europe but there were 2 different types 1. Eastern orthodox 2. Roman Catholicism.
Byzantine Empire - Represented the eastern half of what was left on once massive Roman Empire. The practiced Eastern orthodox. (Empire was declining fast)
Western Europe - Practiced mainly Roman Catholicism. (linked the states together)
The church or religion had a lot of power over everyone at the time.
Europe used Feudalism - Powerful lords had land and gave it over to vassals. In return the vassals gave the lords military power.
They also practiced Manorialism - (think manor think land) But land owned by lord was rented out to peasants who work the land. The peasants lived on the land and worked there in exchange for protection via the lord. the peasants were known as Serfs.
Unit 2 - Networks of Exchange (1200 - 1450)
Silk Road
Traded Luxury Goods because it was expensive to go from one side of the world to the other so they got there moneys worth selling expensive valuable Luxury Goods.
Innovations - 1. Transportation, Caravanserai - Series of guest houses about a days journey apart that provided Safety. As traveling with Luxury goods means theft targets. The caravanserai also brought ppl of many different cultures together so they shared ideas. 2. Commercial practices, Money economies - Money to facilitate exchange. Flying money system - Previous money was silver and heavy last thing a merchant on a camel needs more weight. So China developed paper money to fix this issue. All this made getting paid Easier so more trade on Silk road.
Kashgar - On a river so its lush valley made it an attractive stop for merchants therefore bringing it loads of money.
Indian ocean Network
Monsoon winds - These ppl developed a understanding on how these winds change in direction from season to season. That gave them the ability to trade along this network.
Common goods - They traveled by ship so they had way more cargo space then a camel on land so they didnât have to trade luxury goods they could trade common goods.
Technological innovations - 1. Magnetic compass - Helped merchants know what direction they are going so they donât get lost at sea. 2. Astrolabe - Measured stars and compared them to a chart to determine latitude and longitude. 3. New ship designs - They devolved new ships that could hold more and more cargo such as the Chinese Junk. (actual ship)
Expansion - Swahili city-states, Acted as brokers for goods originating from Africa. (gold ivory, or ppl) by taking this role they devolved mass wealth and power. They converted to Muslim so they got connected with Dar-al-Islam to a larger audience now.
Diasporic communities - A settlement of ethnic ppl away from there home land. Arab and Persian communities established in East Africa witch led to inter marriage with woman and it established trustworthy trading partners in other states.
Zheng He - He was sent by Chinas Ming Dynasty to go thru states via Chinas tributary system. By going thru all this travel other places learned abt Chinas Ship building tech and navigation systems.
Trans-Saharan Trade Network
Camel saddle - Allowed for larger amount of cargo and a comfier ride.
Empire of Mali - Converted to Muslim witch led to connections wit Dar-al-Islam. Grew rich trading gold and such to Islam.
Mansa Musa - Monopolized trade between Islam and Africa and Got Mali all its money and strengthened trade networks.
Consequences (Effects) Know that consequences are not always bad there just Effects!!!
- Cultural -
Transfer religion - Buddhism entered China via the silk road and missionaries from India.
Literary and arts - In the house of Wisdom they translated Greek into Arabic.
Sci + Tech - Gunpowder, Started in China then thanks to networks of exchange to Muslim empires then Europe.
- Rise and Fall of cityâs -
Rise - Hangzhou, Next to Grand canal and ocean so trade naturally facilitated there so they became increasingly wealthy and urbanized.
Fall - Baghdad, Militaries traveled thru these networks so unfortunately they were a victim of the Mongols. (Mongowiaaa!!!!!)
- Environmental -
Crops - Champa rice, Led to China being able to have more than enough food so they had more babies.
Disease - Bubonic Plague, Fleas would attach themselves to merchants traveling so you could only imagine it spread like wild fire. (stupid Mongols)
Mongol Empire
Largest land based empire of all time.
Networks of exchange increased significantly
Pax Mongolia - Peace of Mongolia everything was all nice and they were facilitating major trade and communication between regions.
Loved to conquer - Just went on a spree of taking land and bulling Russia.
Took over China And established the Yuan Dynasty and that Fell
Unit 3 Land Based Empires (1450 - 1750)
Ottoman Empire
Gun powder weapons - Ottomans got ahold of these and Started to control south west Europe.
Constantinople - Ottomans conquered and renamed it to Istanbul. They did it with gun powder weapons.
Why was that important? - Last remains of the Roman Empire so now they were able to continue to expand to eastern Europe. They then took Christians as slaves and some as military.
Janissaries - Ottomans army/ fighting force.
Safavid Empire
Started Small like the ottomans and expanded.
Also used Gunpowder.
Just like ottomans had an enslaved army.
Took Christians as slaves (poor Christians)
Difference? - yes, They were Shia Muslim and Ottoman were Sunni.
Sunni - Anyone spiritually can be successor of Muhammad and fit for office.
Shia - Only Blood relatives of Muhammad were legit.
Mughal Empire
Took Over Delhi Sultanate.
Expanded to almost all of India but a small part of south.
Muslim
Sunni
Rivalry
Safavid - Mughal Conflict , Series of wars, No clear victor, Religious battles Sunni vs. Shia
Maintained Power
Legitimized - Methods used to Establish Authority
Consolidate - Methods used to transfer power from other groups to themselves after conquering.
Bureaucracy - You should know what this means If you donât its above + Ur cooked. đ„
Devshirme System - Ottomans Used, this system to staff bureaucracy with highly trained individuals. (had excessive training + education)
Military - Janissaries
Propaganda - If you donât know this one thatâs just sad đ
Saying god made me king or I saw him in a dream and he spoke to me.
Unit 4 Maritime Empires (1450 - 1750)
Causes of European exploration
Tech - Europe gained tech advantages such as maritime tech (lateen sail, compassâŠetc.)
Wind Patterns - Europeans developed a sense of winds witch is very important to sea travel.
Growth of state power
Economy - Mercantilism - Wanted to get as much of the worlds wealth as possible. Wanted Export economies not import.
Joint Stock Company - This is a limited liability business funded by a group of investors. This is important as states relied on merchants to expand their influence.
Dutch East India Company - Monopoly of Indian ocean trade.
Portugal
Wanted Gold in west Africa And thorough the Indian ocean.
Trading post - Established these in all of there ports to gain capital.
Had control of Indian Ocean trade routes.
Spain
Got Christopher Columbus to search for a western place to trade because Portugal controlled everything else.
Instead of finding a route to Asia he found the Americas.
So the Spanish opened Trans Atlantic Trade.
Took control of Philippines Used tribute collecting and coerced labor to maintain power.
So Europe basically gets jealous and wants in.
Europe
France - Went over to Canada Around Quebec area. Then got access to Fur trade.
England - Went to Americas and started in Virginia (Jamestown) But they also wanted in on India so they went for the Mughal empire and Failed so they settled for trading post along the coasts of India.
Dutch - Gained independence from Spain and went for some American pie.
Colombian Exchange
You should know this đ Good Luck! (Exchange of goods, animals, sickness, tech, ppl)
Resistance to Imperialism
Asian states against western power in Indian ocean - Tokugawa Japan Initially was open due to the want of gun powder weapons. But Japanese ppl were slowly becoming Christin and they did not like that.
Absolutism - When all political power was located in the Monarch the Fronde appeared in France witch increased taxes on citizens so they rebelled and that didnât work.
Maroon societies - Small pockets of free Slaves that ran away. So imperialist said âay thatâs not okâ so in attempt to stop it the maroon societies rebelled. They could not stop the maroon societies to a treaty was made acknowledging there freedom.
Labor systems
Mitâa System - Made ppl under rule serve labor for a certain number of days a year. Spanish used this system for silver mining operations.
Chattel slavery - Slavery in witch ppl could buy slaves and have full ownership. Race based not always raced based in non Atlantic trade.
Indentured servitude - Laborer sings a contract that would bound them to a particular work over a period of time. At end of contract there totally free.
Encomienda system - Spanish, Separated indigenous Americans and Spanish settlers. The Americans were forced to provide labor for Spanish in exchange for food and protection.
Hacienda - Laborers were forced to work on land called haciendas and led to basically slavery. Focused on land ownership unlike encomienda.
Unit 5 - The Enlightenment (1750 - 1900)
Enlightenment - Intellectual movement that brought Empiricist and Rational approaches to both natural and human relationships.
Scientific revolution - This is what led to Enlightenment witch was the shift from religion (still occurs donât think it goes away ever) to a more science approach and non emotional with new science tech and ground breaking theoryâs.
Change in thinking - ppl were now in Europe questioning Christianity but the problem with that was that Christianity was a religion that if questioned goes against the bible. So now ppl are more freely thinking witch led to new belief systems.
New Belief systems
Deism - Extremely Popular among Enlightenment thinkers. Believed that a god created everything but then that god didnât intervene.
Atheism - Complete rejection that a god existed.
Political Ideas
Individualist cultures - ppl needed to put themselves first instead of the collective group.
Natural rights - Individual rights that ppl are born with that cant be taken away by any government or entity.
Social Contract - Governments must protect Natural rights. And if Gov says no than ppl have the right to overthrow that gov and make one of there own. Witch led to revolutions.
Causes of revolutions
Nationalism - Sense of commonality among ppl based on a shared religion or language or desire.
Political dissent - Safavid empire tried imposing harsh new taxes and was met with rebellion witch led to the weakening of the Safavid empire and then eventually outside invaders put an end to the Safavid empire.
New ways of thinking - Democracy ppl wanted to vote. or just ppl have more power.
American Revolution
British colonies were separated from Britain by sea and they didnât do much intervening so the Americas developed there own culture. Brittan lost tons of money during Seven years war and decided to Tax the Americas and they didnât like that and you know what happened. (If you donât you have been wasting your time studying because you already failed đ)
Influence - This showed other nations the stuff they could do.
French Revolution
Like the colors??? đ€š
After the French came back from helping the Americans they said âhey our Absolutist King sucks.â So they rebelled and overthrew the gov and established a republic.
Haitian Revolution
Property of France
When the majority Black population got herd of the French revolution they basically said âoh wow that sounds kind of niceâ and revolted.
First ever Black Government
Latin American Revolutions
There was a political in stabilization and the Creole ppl were second on hierarchy and didnât like that so they Revolted against the Europeans.
Industrial revolution
Going over quick cuz of AP HUG
Goods went from Hand to Machine.
Coal + Iron
Brittan was set due to having access to Waterways having Coal and iron and raw materials due to them making a huge maritime empire.
Specialization of labor - Goods were made by Artisans who perfected there duty.
Removable parts - Instead of your gun breaking and buying a whole new one get a replacement part from an artisan.
Steam engine - Instead of a factory relying on water to power it via Water mills they now could have running steam engines running anything Anywhere.
Trains - OBV just faster travel over landlocked places. and more stuff held.
First vs Second vs Third vs Fourth, - First, Coal Second, Gas Third, Phones and nukes Fourth, Internet, renewable energy.
Reactions to Industrial Revolution
Working Class - Being treated unfair and only getting paid enough to make them super poor.
Unit 6 - Consequences of Industrialization (1750-1900)
Scientific Racism - Idea that humans can be ranked in distinct biological classes based on race.
Made Whites the superior race and backed that up by Phrenology (look it up)
Social Darwinism - They thought that if only the fittest survived in nature then that also applied to social situations. So the western industrial societies are best suited for the global env.
Shifted geographical focus - Now there focusing on Africa, Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Diplomacy - Act of making political agreements by mans of dialogue and negotiation, not warfare.
Berlin Conference
Everyone was fighting to get African land.
Everyone wanted the biggest empire.
Diplomacy
United States
Started to expand Westward
Pushed natives out and some Assimilated cultural aspects
Prosses is called Conquering Neighbors.
Resistance is due to Nationalism anywhere!!!
Unit 7 - Global Conflict (c. 1900-Present)
World War I (1914-1918)
Causes of WWI:
Militarism: Arms race and military planning.
Alliances: Entangling alliances (Triple Entente vs. Triple Alliance).
Imperialism: Competition for colonies.
Nationalism: Ethnic tensions and national pride.
Major Events:
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Sparked the war.
Trench Warfare: Stalemate and high casualties.
Battle of the Somme: One of the bloodiest battles.
Consequences:
Treaty of Versailles: Punished Germany, redrew borders.
League of Nations: Failed to maintain peace.
Economic and social impacts: Widespread devastation.
Russian Revolution and Communism
Causes of the Russian Revolution:
Political oppression: Autocracy and lack of reforms.
Economic hardship: Poverty and industrial backwardness.
WWI: Military defeats and high casualties.
Key Events:
February Revolution (1917): Overthrew Tsar Nicholas II.
October Revolution (1917): Bolsheviks seized power.
Civil War (1918-1921): Reds (Bolsheviks) vs. Whites (anti-Bolsheviks).
Consequences:
Establishment of the Soviet Union: First communist state.
Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP): Temporary retreat from full socialism.
Stalin's Rise: Industrialization and collectivization.
Interwar Period (1919-1939)
Economic and Political Instability
Great Depression (1929):
Causes: Stock market crash, banking failures, high unemployment.
Global impact: Economic downturn worldwide.
Responses: New Deal in the U.S., rise of fascism in Europe.
Rise of Totalitarianism:
Fascism: Authoritarian nationalism (e.g., Mussolini in Italy).
Nazism: Hitlerâs ideology of racial superiority and expansionism.
Communism: Stalinâs authoritarian rule and purges in the Soviet Union.
Road to World War II
Aggressive Policies:
Italy: Invasion of Ethiopia (1935).
Germany: Remilitarization, Anschluss with Austria, invasion of Poland (1939).
Japan: Expansion in East Asia, invasion of China (1937).
Appeasement:
Munich Agreement (1938): Allowed Nazi annexation of the Sudetenland.
Failure of appeasement: Encouraged further aggression.
Key Events Leading to War:
Non-Aggression Pact (1939): Between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.
Invasion of Poland (1939): Triggered WWII.
World War II (1939-1945)
Major Theaters of War
Europe:
Blitzkrieg: German strategy of rapid, mechanized warfare.
Battle of Britain (1940): Air war over Britain.
Eastern Front: Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union.
Pacific:
Pearl Harbor (1941): Japanese attack on the U.S.
Island Hopping: U.S. strategy to reach Japan.
Atomic Bombs: Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945).
Africa and the Middle East:
North Africa Campaign: Allied efforts to control the region.
Suez Canal: Strategic importance.
Holocaust and War Crimes
Holocaust:
Genocide of Jews: Six million Jews killed.
Concentration Camps: Auschwitz, Dachau.
Nuremberg Trials: Post-war prosecution of Nazi leaders.
Other Atrocities:
Japanese War Crimes: Nanjing Massacre.
Allied Bombing Campaigns: Destruction of cities.
Outcomes of WWII
Formation of the United Nations:
Purpose: Promote peace and cooperation.
Structure: Security Council, General Assembly.
Cold War Begins:
Ideological Conflict: Capitalism vs. Communism.
Iron Curtain: Division of Europe.
Decolonization:
End of European Empires: Independence movements in Asia, Africa.
New Nations: India, Pakistan, African states.
Unit 8 - Cold War and Decolonization (1900-present)
Cold War (1947-1991)
Major Conflicts and Events
Korean War (1950-1953):
Causes: North Korean invasion of South Korea.
Outcome: Armistice, Korea remains divided.
Vietnam War (1955-1975):
Causes: Communist insurgency in South Vietnam.
Outcome: U.S. withdrawal, communist victory.
Cuban Missile Crisis (1962):
Event: Soviet missiles in Cuba.
Outcome: Negotiated removal, avoided nuclear war.
Political and Economic Policies
Containment:
Truman Doctrine: Support for countries resisting communism.
Marshall Plan: Economic aid for European recovery.
DĂ©tente:
Nixonâs Policies: Easing tensions with the Soviet Union.
SALT Treaties: Limiting nuclear arms.
End of the Cold War:
Gorbachevâs Reforms: Glasnost (openness), Perestroika (restructuring).
Fall of Berlin Wall (1989): Symbolic end of Cold War.
Collapse of Soviet Union (1991): Dissolution into independent states.
Decolonization and Nationalist Movements
Africa
Ghana (1957):
Leader: Kwame Nkrumah.
Significance: First sub-Saharan African country to gain independence.
Algeria (1962):
War of Independence: Against French colonial rule.
Outcome: Algerian independence.
Apartheid in South Africa:
System: Racial segregation and discrimination.
End: Nelson Mandela and ANC, end of apartheid in 1994.
Asia
India (1947):
Partition: Division into India and Pakistan.
Leaders: Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru.
Vietnam (1954):
Independence from France: Battle of Dien Bien Phu.
Division: North (communist) and South (anti-communist).
China (1949):
Civil War: Nationalists vs. Communists.
Outcome: Communist victory, establishment of the Peopleâs Republic of China.
Middle East
Israel (1948):
Creation: UN partition plan, establishment of Jewish state.
Conflicts: Arab-Israeli wars.
Iran (1979):
Islamic Revolution: Overthrow of the Shah.
Leader: Ayatollah Khomeini.
Egypt (1952):
Revolution: Overthrow of monarchy.
Leader: Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalization of the Suez Canal.
Globalization and the Modern World
Economic Globalization
Trade Agreements:
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement.
WTO: World Trade Organization.
Technological Advances:
Internet: Global communication.
Transportation: Faster, cheaper global shipping.
Multinational Corporations:
Influence: Economic power and global reach.
Social and Cultural Changes
Migration:
Patterns: Economic migrants, refugees.
Impact: Cultural diversity and tensions.
Environmental Issues:
Climate Change: Global warming, carbon emissions.
Responses: International agreements (e.g., Paris Agreement).
Human Rights Movements:
Womenâs Rights: Gender equality, education.
LGBTQ Rights: Legal and social acceptance.
Political Changes
End of Apartheid:
Leaders: Nelson Mandela.
Significance: Democratic transition in South Africa.
Arab Spring (2010-2011):
Causes: Demand for political reforms.
Outcomes: Varies by country, some regimes overthrown.
Rise of Populism:
Characteristics: Nationalism, anti-globalization.
Examples: Brexit, election of populist leaders.
No unit 9 : Good Luck đ
