Studied by 78 people
systematics
the study of diversification
taxonomy
the naming of groups of organisms
classification
assigning organisms to hierarchical groups
taxon
a named group of organisms
phylogeny
evolutionary history
List the taxonomic hierarchy
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
how is the taxonomic hierarchy written (italized, capitalized, etc)
Domain -> Family = Capitalized, Genus = Capitalized & italicized, species -> italicized
monophyletic
a lineage with 1 common ancestor
polyphyletic
a lineage or trait found in independent lineages
paraphyletic
a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants
sister taxa
pairs of clades that share common ancestry
branch points
a point where 2 lineages diverged to create a new species
rooted trees
1 node in a phylogeny is determined to be the oldest ancestor
clade
a lineage of organisms that descend from a common ancestor
grade
a group of organisms that share similarities but no ancestor
divergent evolution
evolution of homologous characteristics into new forms
convergent evolution
evolution of analogous characteristics
homology
based on shared ancesty
analogy
not based on shared ancestry
apomorphic
a derived characteristic
plesiomorphic
an ancestral characteristic
synapomorphic
a shared, derived characteristic
symplesiomorphic
a shared, ancestral characteristic
autopomorphic
an unshared, derived characteristic
describe the features of a prokaryote
no nucleus, no mitochondria, no cytoskeleton, no chloroplast
are virus's alive?
no because they can't reproduce independently (no organelles)
describe the basic morphology of prokaryotic cells
coccus (ball), bacillus (rod-shape), spirillum (spiral)
cell wall
peptidoglycan (bacteria) & psuedo-peptidoglycan (archaebacteria)
fimbrae
shafts of protein, allows adhesion to host cells (velcro)
capsule
gluey layer outside cell wall, allows adhesion to host cells
pili
straw used to transfer plasmids by conjugation
endospore
"suit of armor", allows cell to hibernate until safe
flagella
tail used for movement (don't actually exist in prokaryotes)
conjugation
plasmids passed via pili
transformation
plasmids from environment
transfection
virus-mediated gene transfer
positive phototaxis
movement towards light
negative chemotaxis
movement away from a chemical stimulus
free living
exist without a host
mutualistic
exist with a host
decomposer
gain nutrients from dead things
bio films
slimy village of bacteria
list the major bacteria groups
Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram-Postive bacteria
list the major archaebacteria groups
Euryarcheota, Crenarcheota, Korarcheota, Nanoarcheota
list the synapomorphies shared by eukaryotes
sexual life-cycles, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosome
describe the evolutionary trends observed in eukaryotes
ancestral -> derived unicellular -> colonial -> multicellular zygotic -> gameto -> sportic isogamy -> anisogamy -> oogamy
what clade are plantae in?
Archaeplastida
what clade are animalia in?
Unikonta
what clade are fungi in
Unikonta
name the phyla of the Unikonta
Tubulinea, Myxogastria, Entomoeba
name the phyla of the Archaeplastida
Plantae, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta
name the phyla of the SAR
Phaeophyta, Bacillariophyta, Apicomplexa, Dinoflagellata, Cilophora, Foraminifera, Cercozoa, Radiolaria
name the phyla of the Excavata
Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Kinetoplastida, Euglenozoa
what does SAR stand for?
Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians
zygotic life cycle
haploid dominant, occurs in fungi & some protists
gametic life cycle
diploid dominant, occurs in animals & some protists
sporic life cycle
occurs in plants & some protists
what clade does Diplomonadida belong to?
Excavata
what clade does Phaeophyta belong to?
SAR (Stramenopiles)
what clade does Parabasala belong to?
Excavata
what clade does Kinetoplastida belong to?
Excavata
what clade does Euglenozoa belong to?
Excavata
what clade does Bacillariophyta belong to?
SAR (Stramenopiles)
what clade does Plantae belong to?
Archaeplastida
what clade does Apicomplexa belong to?
SAR (Alveolates)
what clade does Dinoflagellata belong to?
SAR (Alveolates)
what clade does Charophyta belong to?
Archaeplastida
what clade does Cilophora belong to?
SAR (Alveolates)
what clade does Formaminifera belong to?
SAR (Rhizaria)
what clade does Cercozoa belong to?
SAR (Rhizaria)
what clade does Radiophyta belong to?
SAR (Rhizaria)
what clade does Chlorophyta belong to?
Archaeplastida
what clade does Rhodophyta belong to?
Archaeplastida
what clade does Tublinea belong to?
Unikonta
what clade does Myxogastria belong to?
Unikonta
what clade does Entomoeba belong to?
Unikonta
what clade does Nucleariida belong to?
Unikonta
what clade does Fungi belong to?
Unikonta
what clade does Choanoflagellata belong to?
Unikonta
what clade does Animalia belong to?
Unikonta
Note 
Flashcard (28)