zanzot exam 1

systematics

systematics

the study of diversification

taxonomy

the naming of groups of organisms

classification

assigning organisms to hierarchical groups

taxon

a named group of organisms

phylogeny

evolutionary history

List the taxonomic hierarchy

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

how is the taxonomic hierarchy written (italized, capitalized, etc)

Domain -> Family = Capitalized, Genus = Capitalized & italicized, species -> italicized

monophyletic

a lineage with 1 common ancestor

polyphyletic

a lineage or trait found in independent lineages

paraphyletic

a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants

sister taxa

pairs of clades that share common ancestry

branch points

a point where 2 lineages diverged to create a new species

rooted trees

1 node in a phylogeny is determined to be the oldest ancestor

clade

a lineage of organisms that descend from a common ancestor

grade

a group of organisms that share similarities but no ancestor

divergent evolution

evolution of homologous characteristics into new forms

convergent evolution

evolution of analogous characteristics

homology

based on shared ancesty

analogy

not based on shared ancestry

apomorphic

a derived characteristic

plesiomorphic

an ancestral characteristic

synapomorphic

a shared, derived characteristic

symplesiomorphic

a shared, ancestral characteristic

autopomorphic

an unshared, derived characteristic

describe the features of a prokaryote

no nucleus, no mitochondria, no cytoskeleton, no chloroplast

are virus's alive?

no because they can't reproduce independently (no organelles)

describe the basic morphology of prokaryotic cells

coccus (ball), bacillus (rod-shape), spirillum (spiral)

cell wall

peptidoglycan (bacteria) & psuedo-peptidoglycan (archaebacteria)

fimbrae

shafts of protein, allows adhesion to host cells (velcro)

capsule

gluey layer outside cell wall, allows adhesion to host cells

pili

straw used to transfer plasmids by conjugation

endospore

"suit of armor", allows cell to hibernate until safe

flagella

tail used for movement (don't actually exist in prokaryotes)

conjugation

plasmids passed via pili

transformation

plasmids from environment

transfection

virus-mediated gene transfer

positive phototaxis

movement towards light

negative chemotaxis

movement away from a chemical stimulus

free living

exist without a host

mutualistic

exist with a host

decomposer

gain nutrients from dead things

bio films

slimy village of bacteria

list the major bacteria groups

Proteobacteria, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, Cyanobacteria, Gram-Postive bacteria

list the major archaebacteria groups

Euryarcheota, Crenarcheota, Korarcheota, Nanoarcheota

list the synapomorphies shared by eukaryotes

sexual life-cycles, membrane-bound organelles, linear chromosome

describe the evolutionary trends observed in eukaryotes

ancestral -> derived unicellular -> colonial -> multicellular zygotic -> gameto -> sportic isogamy -> anisogamy -> oogamy

what clade are plantae in?

Archaeplastida

what clade are animalia in?

Unikonta

what clade are fungi in

Unikonta

name the phyla of the Unikonta

Tubulinea, Myxogastria, Entomoeba

name the phyla of the Archaeplastida

Plantae, Charophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta

name the phyla of the SAR

Phaeophyta, Bacillariophyta, Apicomplexa, Dinoflagellata, Cilophora, Foraminifera, Cercozoa, Radiolaria

name the phyla of the Excavata

Diplomonadida, Parabasala, Kinetoplastida, Euglenozoa

what does SAR stand for?

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizarians

zygotic life cycle

haploid dominant, occurs in fungi & some protists

gametic life cycle

diploid dominant, occurs in animals & some protists

sporic life cycle

occurs in plants & some protists

what clade does Diplomonadida belong to?

Excavata

what clade does Phaeophyta belong to?

SAR (Stramenopiles)

what clade does Parabasala belong to?

Excavata

what clade does Kinetoplastida belong to?

Excavata

what clade does Euglenozoa belong to?

Excavata

what clade does Bacillariophyta belong to?

SAR (Stramenopiles)

what clade does Plantae belong to?

Archaeplastida

what clade does Apicomplexa belong to?

SAR (Alveolates)

what clade does Dinoflagellata belong to?

SAR (Alveolates)

what clade does Charophyta belong to?

Archaeplastida

what clade does Cilophora belong to?

SAR (Alveolates)

what clade does Formaminifera belong to?

SAR (Rhizaria)

what clade does Cercozoa belong to?

SAR (Rhizaria)

what clade does Radiophyta belong to?

SAR (Rhizaria)

what clade does Chlorophyta belong to?

Archaeplastida

what clade does Rhodophyta belong to?

Archaeplastida

what clade does Tublinea belong to?

Unikonta

what clade does Myxogastria belong to?

Unikonta

what clade does Entomoeba belong to?

Unikonta

what clade does Nucleariida belong to?

Unikonta

what clade does Fungi belong to?

Unikonta

what clade does Choanoflagellata belong to?

Unikonta

what clade does Animalia belong to?

Unikonta