AP World Final (6.9.2025)

What laid the foundation for the Reformation according to the lecture?

Erasmus laid the foundation of the Reformation, aided by the printing press.

Who was the founder of the Reformation?

Martin Luther was the accidental revolutionary lawyer monk and the founder of the Reformation.

What was Martin Luther's stance on the selling of indulgences?

He was against the selling of indulgences and confronted John Tetzel about it.

What did Martin Luther believe about salvation?

Salvation can be achieved through the grace of God alone, and good works do not grant salvation.

Why did people protect Martin Luther during the Reformation?

They agreed with his call for Church reform and sought more power against the Pope.

What was the significance of the Diet of Worms in 1521?

Luther was excommunicated because of his 95 theses presented there.

What was the Council of Trent?

Meetings in response to the Catholic Church Reform and the Protestant Movement.

What did Ignatius Loyola disagree with regarding Reformation ideas?

He disagreed with Sola scriptura and Sola fide, believing both faith and good works were needed.

What started the Age of Exploration?

The Ottoman capture of Constantinople led Europeans to look westward at the Atlantic.

Who was Vasco de Gama and what was his significance?

He was a Portuguese explorer who was the first European to make a trip to India.

What was Christopher Columbus's major flaw in his voyages?

He miscalculated the size of the world and ended up in the Americas instead of Asia.

Describe the Triangular Trade.

An exchange of goods and slaves between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

What was the Middle Passage?

The journey across the Atlantic where slaves were transported in terrible conditions.

What was the Columbian Exchange?

The global diffusion of plants, crops, animals, populations, and diseases between the Old World and New World.

Why did slavery expand in the Americas after European arrival?

Indigenous people died from diseases, leading Europeans to seek African slaves for labor.

What were some major crops produced from slave labor in the Americas?

Sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco, molasses, and coffee.

What differences existed between Mayan and Aztec civilizations?

Mayans shared culture across city-states without central rule, whereas Aztecs dominated through an empire.

What architectural achievement is associated with the Incas?

They are known for Machu Picchu and vast road networks across their empire.

How did the African slave trade impact Western Africa?

African societies experienced population declines and turmoil due to the trade.

What were some forms of resistance used by slaves?

Slaves revolted, ran away, worked slowly, and freed slaves published anti-slavery works.

Why did the Atlantic slave trade eventually decline?

Slave revolts made it expensive and dangerous; also moral views on slavery changed.

What was the impact of Christianity's spread across the Americas?

Catholic missionaries aimed to convert indigenous populations.

What role did firearms play in the African slave trade?

African kingdoms often received firearms from Europe, facilitating warfare and slave capture.

What was a major outcome of Columbus's voyages?

They initiated the Columbian Exchange and led to the destruction of Indigenous civilizations.

What characterized the Spanish Inquisition's role in Reformation?

It aimed to ensure Catholic orthodoxy and reject Protestant ideas.

What types of crops did the Inca civilization rely on?

They relied on terrace farming for crops such as maize and potatoes.

How did slavery shape American agricultural development?

Slavery provided the labor force needed for plantations specializing in cash crops.