Units 5-8 (+ English Civil War)

Concordat of 1801

Signed by Napoleon with Pope Pius VII, establishing Roman Catholicism as the religion of the majority of the French people but ensuring tolerance — clergy swore oath to the state

Napoleonic Code

Napoleon’s revision of the French law; protection of property, abolishing birth-based privilege, more power for fathers/husbands, property reductions for women, and children inheritance

Haitian Revolution

A slave rebellion in the sugar-rich French colony, with slaves and free people rebelling against white colonial masters — recognized independence

Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon’s loss against British naval power that crushed all hope of French invasion on Britain and the formation of the Third Coalition

Battle at Austerlitz

A major victory for Napoleon against Russian and Austrian forces, often regarded as his greatest battle, solidifying French dominance in Europe.

Confederation of the Rhine

A coalition of German states established by Napoleon in 1806, aimed at consolidating power and influence in central Europe — essentially dissolving the HRE

Berlin Decrees

Napoleon’s effort to ban British imports

Treaty of Tilsit

A peace agreement between Napoleon and Russia in 1807, following Napoleon's victory in the War of the Fourth Coalition

Continental System

Napoleon’s restrictions on British trade and commerce on the continent (Berlin and Milan Decrees) — resulting in Britain imposing their own restrictive decrees

Battle of the Nations

Battle between Napoleon and Austria, Russia, Prussia, Spain, and British money that resulted in his abdication and exile

Second French Republic

The provisional government installed after the 1848 revolution and Phillipe’s abdication — implementation of national workshops to cater to the unemployed and the establishment of universal suffrage.

Paris Commune

Municipal/ provisional government established after the fall of Napoleon III involving socialists and radicals — eventually suppressed

Third French Republic

Government following the Paris Commune, characterized by parliamentary democracy and striving for stability following years of political upheaval and division

Four Ordinances

Created by Charles X of France limiting press, franchise, dissolving the new Chamber of Deputies, and new elections

Great Reform Bill

Bill expanding England and Wales electorate by replacing most rotten boroughs and giving representation to formerly underrepresented urban areas — suffrage on property qualifications

Catholic Emancipation Act

An act passed in 1829 that allowed Catholics in England and Ireland to sit in Parliament and hold public office, ending their legal exclusion

Danish War 1864

Bismarck’s campaign for Schleswig and Holstein with Austria after Denmark attempted to annex them

Austro Prussian War 1866

Bismarck’s war against Austria to exclude them from German affairs, ending with the Treaty of Prague that ended Austrian rule in Venetia

Franco Prussian War 1870

Final war for German unification after Bismarck manipulated a telegram message to provoke Napoleon III — captured Paris and Napoleon III

Compromise of 1867

Agreement connecting Austria and Hungary into a dual monarchy with Francis Joseph as king — separate states with similar monarchy and administrative systems but different parliament

Bosnia Crisis 1908

Austria’s annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina that triggered crisis in the Balkans and major powers, especially tension with Serbia

Entente Cordiale 1904

Naval and military agreements between Britain and France on colonial agreements — France with Morocco, Britain recognition in Egypt

First Moroccan Crisis

Diplomatic issues between France and Germany in Morocco, with Germany’s entrance and speech in Morocco

Second Moroccan Crisis

Germany sends gunboat into Morocco to challenge French colonialism, triggering Britain — builds Dreadnought that provokes naval race

War in the Balkans

Italy attacks Ottoman Empire in interests in Libya to target France’s protectorate in Morocco, resulting in Italy’s control in Libya and the provocation of Baltic states to engage

Second Balkan War

Baltic states fight Bulgaria, resulting in Bulgaria’s loss in territories that shocked Austrians — they did not want Serbian influence

London Conference

British held conference in Austria’s favor addressing Balkan crisis and giving Albania independence

Berlin Conference

A meeting where European powers negotiated the partition of Africa, aiming to prevent conflict over colonial claims.

March Revolution

Strikes and protests for reform, orders for suppression ignored caused Nicholas II to abdicate — establishment of provisional government

Lenin’s April Theses

Land, Peace, and Bread — slogan calling for immediate peace, land redistribution, and support for the working class

New Economic Policy

Lenin permitting farmers to send produce to open markets instead of to the state — permit private ownership but big industries were still in state control

Decembrist Revolt

Revolt against Nicholas I calling for reform after exposure to Western cultures that resulted in deadly suppression

Official Nationality

Nicholas I’s program to support Russian nationality with ‘Orthodox, Autocracy, and Nationality’ — placed education in control of the church, promoted Russian culture while diminishing western values

Third Internation/Cominterm

Lenin’s definitions on socialism that other socialist groups should follow — prohibits interaction with democratic/capitalist parties and repudiates former socialist leaders

5 Year Plan

Stalin’s economic plan that placed quotas on producers, farmers, or factories to outproduce capitalist regions — contradicted the NEP with more centralized planning and Marxist writing due to the bad treatment of workers — heavy industry

Collectivization/Dekulakization

Stalin’s villainized image of the kulaks after farmers tried to monopolize grain sales on the market — targeted kulaks, subjected farms to the state

Purges

Stalin’s removal of political enemies by targeting any suspects, including members in his party, and replacing them with newer generations to erase Bolshevik history

Dawes Plan, Locarno Agreements

Helped German reparations by allowing them to pay their amount possible and eventually reducing the payment — Germany’s entry into the League of Nations accepted by France

Short Parliament

Period of time where Charles I required funding for Scottish rebellion to which parliament refused and was dissolved

Long Parliament

Longer duration after Charles I returned to the parliament in need of funding

Petition of Right

Set of rules that parliament imposed on James I requiring him to recognize taxation with consent, no quartering of troops, and due process of law

Bill of Rights

After the Glorious Revolution, limiting monarchy by protecting the power of the king and parliament — only parliament could affect taxes and laws passed could not be annulled by the king

Act of Union 1707

creation of Great Britain by merging England and Scotland, with equal representation in the new parliament

The Fronde

French nobles rebelling against the monarchy and centralized policies

Intendant system

Louis XIV’s system of royal officials put in place to govern regions on his behalf — reducing noble power

War of Devolution

Louis XIV’s war against the Spanish Netherlands seeking to inherit it through his wife — repelled by the Grand Alliance but gained territory along its border

Franco Dutch War

Louis XIV’s invasion on the Spanish Netherlands, allied with England in the Secret Treaty of Dover — gained Franche Comte

War of Spanish Succession

Louis XIV’s war following the death of Habsburg Charles II and the ascension of Philip of Anjou to the throne that triggered the Grand Alliance — stalemate, Phillip V remaining king

Treaty of Utrecht

Ended the War of Spanish Succession, recognizing Philip V the king of Spain but separating the French and Spanish thrones

Pragmatic Sanction 1700’s

Put in place by Charles VI of Habsburg to ensure inheritance of Habsburg property would go through his daughter Maria Theresa.

Great Northern War

Peter the Great’s campaign for Baltic ports against Sweden, resulting in his victory and gaining warm water ports

Holy Synods

Peter the Great’s replacement over the patriarch — a governmental body with bishops headed by a procurator general in order to govern under the tsar’s regime