Development and learning - AP Psychology unit 3

stability vs. change

examines which psychological characteristics stay the same over time and which change

ex. is an angry baby going to be an angry adult

nature vs. nurture

what is the relative important of your inherited genetic makeup vs. environmental factors in shaping your development over time

discontinuous (stages)

the idea that there are specific phase of development that we go through at certain times

continuous

the idea that humans gradually develop and there are nod instinct stages

longitudinal

studying the same group of people over a certain (usually long) amount of time

drawbacks: lots of time, expensive, and high dropout rate

cross sectional

you study different groups at a single point in time

benefits: quicker and cheaper

drawbacks: cohort effect and different people

cohort effect

says people of a certain cohort can be affected by something that doesn’t effect other cohorts (ex. elderly and COVID)

teratogens

harmful substances that impact the fetus

ex. alcohol, nicotine

maternal illness

the mother has an infection or chronic illness/conditon which can lead to impacts on fetal development

genetic mutation

may occur prenatally and can lead to birth defects

ex. down syndrome

hormonal factors

the hormonal levels of the mother can impact fetal development

ex. stress and cortisol

environmental factors

things like nutrition, stress, and exposure to chemicals can impact fetal development

physical development

the growth from birth to adulthood that develops fine motor and gross motor coordination

fine motor coordination

your ability to coordinate small muscle to complete delicate tasks (causes more sense of independence)

ex. using a pen

gross motor coordination

the voluntary movement and coordination of the body to perform full body movements

ex. crawling, sitting, walking

rooting reflex

when you touch a baby, the baby will move to the touch with a. “sucky” face

sucking

once the roof of a baby’s mouth is touched, it triggers sucking

growth spurt

occurs during adolescence, rapid phsycial growth

critical/sensitive period

there is a critical moment in development for learning many things, if you miss it, catching up will become more difficult to do

visual cliff apparatus

used to see at what point babies develop depth perception

puberty

a series of biological changes that lead to your capacity to reproduce

Imprinting

a form of instinctive attachment to which new borns attach themselves to the first moving thing they see

primary sex characteristics

changes to the parts of your body that are needed to make babies/sex organs

secondary sex characteristics

changes to the parts of your body that are not needed to make babies

ex. hair in different places, deepening voice

menarche

start of the menstrual cycle

spermarche

start of sperm production

menapause

the decline of reproductive ability and the end of the mental cycle

gender

a description of the roles, behaviors, or characteristics a society associates with a sex that a individual believes applies to them

sex

the biological anatomy/differences between male and female

gender schema

mental framework that help us to understand and interpret information related to gender

gender role stereotypes

the widely held and simplistic beliefs about hat is appropriate for and the characteristics of men and women

hearing, vision, mobility, flexibility, reaction time

declines in behavior that occur in adulthood:

sensorimotor

0-2 years, learning primarily through sensing and moving around in their environment

sensorimotor

stage where object permanence develops

object permanence

when babies learn that objects out of their vision don’t just disappear

object permanence

when babies learn that objects out of their vision don’t just disappear

preoperational

2-7 years, when children begin to use language and symbolic play (imagination)

preoperational

conservation, reversibility, animism, egocentrism are in the _____ phase:

conservation

the inability to understand that different shapes can have the same volume, pre operational

reversibility

the inability to understand that things can change then return to the original shape

animism

the belief that intimate objets have feelings and needs

egocentrism

they cannot understand that someone has a different point of view or needs, the world revolves around them

concrete operational

7-11 years, when children are able to think logically about concrete events

• can organize and classify things into groups

concrete operational

stage where people can’t think hypothetically or abstractly:

formal operational

can think about abstract ideas and hypothetical situations

• argued that not all people reach this

sociocultural theory

the way you learn is that you’re guided by someone who knows more than you

zone of proximal development

the space where a learner gets temporary support to learn something new, but the something new is close to something they can already do

scaffolding

the help someone gets to perform a task the cannot yet do

crystalized

stuff you learned or experience which is stored away, can “reach back” and apply knowledge without changing it

crystallized

as you age _____ intelligence stays intact

fluid

the kind of intelligence that uses reasoning, problem solving, and abstract thinking to do something knew

fluid

as you age ____ intelligence declines

language

a complex system of communication that involves using symbols, sounds, and rules to convey and understand thoughts, emotions, and information

phonemes

the smallest unit of sound that can be detected, helps us distinguish between words

ex. LLL vs SSS sound

morphemes

the smallest unit of meaning in language

ex. prefixes of words

semantics

how words and phrases convey meaning

grammar

the rules that tell you how to arrange words into sentences given your language

syntax

set of rules applied to fit words together properly, part of grammar about word order

generative language

claims that our ability to undertsnad grammarians syntax are innate

generative language

says we can make an infinite amount of growth in a language

cooing

one syllable/simple noise repeated over and over, 0-4 months

ex. Eeee

babbling

when you combine vowels and consonants and repeat it, 4-6 months

ex. Dada

one word

when small children use one word to convey a thought, 1 year

ex. juice = give me my juice

telagprahic speech

when children use 2 or 3 words to convey a thought, 28-24 months

ex. give juice = give me my juice

overgeneralization

a language area when you apply incorrect grammar rules too broadly

ex. I runs the race

microsystem

your immediate environment, the people you interact with everyday (family, friends, school)

mesosystem

the connections between the people in the microsystem determines how they interact with you

ex. a parent being harsh to a child because of what a teacher said to the parent

Exosystem

broader environments that have no direct impact, but rather an indirect impact

ex. work environment of parents is stressful, causing them to become it upset and take it out on child

macrosystem

the broadest level of environmental impacts, the social, economic and cultural values of the environment (law and social norms)

ex. living in the South causing you to say yes/no ma’am

chronosystem

major life events/life transitions and how they impact you

ex. moving to a new system

authoritative

most effective parenting style

authoritarian

strict rules, high expectations, expect obedience with little affection or communication

authoritarian

results in children that are well behaved but anxious, have low self esteem, and struggle to do things themselves

authoritative

balanced approach: high expectations, clear rules, but there’s warmth/affection, communication, and acknowledgment of the childs point of view

authoritative

results in children that are self confident, self regulation, and socially competent

permissive indifferent

minimal attention given to child, no guidance or affection, parent is usually preoccupied

permissive indifferent

results in children that feels neglected and impacts their self esteem

permissive indulgent

low expectations, few rules, lets kids do what they want (thinks they’re the kids best friend)

permissive indulgent

results in children with authority issues, socialize and self discipline problems

temperament

the biologically based, innate traits that influence an individuals behavioral styles, emotional responses, and way of interacting with the environment

secure (attachment)

strong emotional bond with caregiver, child feels safe and understood resulting in confidence to seek out help and curiosity

• better at forming healthy relationships

avoidant (attachment)

child avoids close bonds with people, seems indifferent to people, and likes to be on their own

avoidant (attachment)

results from unresponsive or unavailable parenting

anxious (attachement)

child has a heightened need to always be affirmed emotionally

• fear of abandonment and low self esteem

disorganized (attachment)

no clear pattern of behavior (insecure attachement), results from inconsistent parenting

ex. child may seek out help but then be indifferent about receiving the help they seemed out

separation anxiety

anxiety and stress and fear experiences by an individual when separated from their primary care giver

• part of development, most children who experience it can get over it

parallel play

individual play occurring in the presence of another person that helps form the idea of being social, occurs in toddlers

imaginary audience

a belief or feeling adolescents may have that they are the center of everyones attention, and that someone is always watching them

• leads to anxiousness and self consciousness

personal fable

idea in adolescence that one is unique and no one can understand them because they are doing things not done before

• lead to feelings on invincibility, and further, risky behavior

social clock

internalized belief that you have had to achieve certain life stage goals by a certain age

• can make you feel behind in life

psychosocial development

the interaction between internal psychological factors and social factors, and how they impact your development

psychosocial conflict

describes specific moments of conflict in your life

trust vs. mistrust

infancy, conflict between trusting people when your basic needs are met and not trusting people when your basic needs are not met by your primary caregiver

autonomy vs. shame

toddlerhood, toddler starts doing things for themselves, developing a sense of independence, in conflict when their attempt at independence are criticized or heavily corrected, creates shame and a dependence on others

initiative vs. guilt

preschooler, you are able to initiate activities to interact and approach others (builds independence and leadership skills), but if these attempts fail, you develop a sense of shame and guilt

industry vs inferiority

elementary, when you have success in doing stuff (school work), you develop a sense of accomplishment, in contrast when you are not finding success, it challenges self confidence and develops a sense of inadequacy

identity vs role confusion

adolescence, where you explore different roles, think about goals, fosters a sense of independence and comfort that you know what direction your life is going, in contrast when you struggle to find your belief or goals, it creates confusion and apathy towards life

intimacy vs isolation

young adult, conflict between your ability to form close and loving relationships and connections (family, friends, partners), or you struggle to form close bonds and become emotionally detached

generatively vs stagnation

middle adult, when you seek out new ways to contribute to society, and belief that you’ll leave an impact and your life has purpose vs. feeling retracted from stuff in the community and feel you have no impact or purpose

ego integrity vs despair

late adult, when you can reflect positively on your life an that it was good vs. reflecting and thinking you messed up your life and that you did nothing good