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english

poetry - parts of poems

  1. speaker:

    • the created narrative voice of the poem, not necessarily the poet

    • when the poet creates another person to be the speaker, that character is called the persona

      persona - a character created by the poet to narrate the poem. By creating a persona, by creating a persona, the poet imagines what it is like to enter someone else’s personality.

  2. audience:

    • the person or people to whom the speaker is speaking

    • identifying the audience within a poem helps you to understand the poem better

    • there are different people the speaker can address in the poem are:

      • another character in the poem

      • the speaker can address a character who is not present or dead (this is called apostrophe)

      • the speaker can address the reader

  3. subject:

    • the general or specific topic of the poem, what the poem is about

  4. tone:

    • the poet’s attitude toward the subject of the poem, may be different from the speakers attitude

    • you can identify the tone of the poem by noting the authors use of poetic devices such as diction, rhythm and syntax

  5. theme:

    • the statement the poem/poet makes about its subject

  6. imagery:

    • words and phrases used specifically to help the reader to imagine each of the senses; smell, touch, sight, hearing and taste

    • each type of imagery has a certain name:

      • olfactory - imagery that stimulates the sense of smell

      • tactile - imagery that stimulates the sense of touch

      • visual - imagery that stimulates the sense of sight

      • auditory - imagery that stimulates the sense of hearing

      • gustatory - imagery that stimulates the sense of taste

      • kinaesthesia - imagery that recreates a feeling of a physical action (pulse, heartbeat)

      • synaesthesia - the use of an imagery that uses one sense to evoke another

Glossary of persuasive forms and features

term

defintion

ethos

appeals to the writers character, ethos can be thought of as the role of the writer in the argument, and how credible his/her argument

pathos

appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument

logos

appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued his or her point

high modality

high modality language e.g. must, always, certain, expresses a high probability or sense of obligation which adds to the persuasive effect on the audience

imperative mood

a command, plea of exhortation expressed by using the base form of the verb, e.g. Eat your vegetables!

anecdote

A short, interesting story told about a person’s experience

persuasive imagery

similes or metaphors that evoke pathos, prompting readers of listeners to feel a particular emotion

rhetorical question

a question that is asked to create a persuasive effect on the audience, rather than in search of an answer

repetition

the repetition of words, groups of words, or ideas to emphasise an idea or emotion

anaphora

the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences

tricolon

a group of 3 parallel phrases or clauses

direct address

speaking to the audience, often using the pronoun “you” or using the imperative mood

inclusive pronouns

pronouns such as “we” and “us”, which encourage a sense of alliance between the speaker/writer and the audience

call to action

often used towards the end of a persuasive text to give the audience an action to complete now that they are persuaded

Glossary of discursive forms & features

term

definition

personal anecdote

a short personal story told within a larger text

conversational tone

using words, expressions and sentence structures that are casual and relaxed

first person perspective

writing from a personal perspective, using pronouns such as '“i, me, my, we”

figurative language

similes, metaphors, personification and other types of non-literal language

motif

a repeated image or symbol

imagery

similes/metaphors or sensory imager such as visual, aural, tactile, olfactory and gustatory

resolution

ending of the piece, could be reflective or circular

epigraph

an interesting short quotation at the beginning that foregrounds or in some way inspires the writing that follows it

digressive punctuation

punctuation that marks a digressive an discursive mood, brackets, dashes and ellipses

embedded phrases & clauses

afterthoughts and extra details added to the main sentence, often bracketed by commas, dashes or brackets

colloquialisms

slang terms

vignettes

short word pictures or written sketches. A discursive piece can be written entirely in vignettes

intertextuality

including references to other texts, books/films/myths

low modality

words that express a low degree of certainty or obligation, might/probably/could/possibly

numbered or subtitles sections

some discursive pieces are structures in sections marked by numbers or subheadings

Glossary of some satirical forms and features

term

definition

satire

the use of humour, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticise peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of current issues

vice

morally wrong behaviour, lying

folly

stupid or silly behaviour, wearing extreme fashions

exaggeration

exaggeration is used to emphasise a vice or folly and clearly show how wrong or strange it is

irony

verbal irony is a way of emphasising a folly or vice by deliberately describing it in a way that is different to the actual meaning, pretending strange people of ideas are sensible

sarcasm

similar to verbal irony, but more aggressive and less subtle, e.g saying “wow thats so graceful”, when someone falls over

ridicule

making fun or showing contempt for someone or something, mockery

parody

an exaggerated copy of a person, song, film, genre, text

inversion or reversal

satirising a situation by reversing it, depicting male superheroes in sexualised poses that female superheroes are usually drawn in

caricature

an exaggerated character or form of visual exaggeration, drawing someone with extremely large ears

hyperbole

exaggerated figurative language (similes, metaphors, etc.)

incongruity

putting a person or thing in an unusual setting to crate a sense of absurdity (comic strangeness), a caveman suing an ipad

juxtaposition

putting two things or people close together for satiric effect

english

poetry - parts of poems

  1. speaker:

    • the created narrative voice of the poem, not necessarily the poet

    • when the poet creates another person to be the speaker, that character is called the persona

      persona - a character created by the poet to narrate the poem. By creating a persona, by creating a persona, the poet imagines what it is like to enter someone else’s personality.

  2. audience:

    • the person or people to whom the speaker is speaking

    • identifying the audience within a poem helps you to understand the poem better

    • there are different people the speaker can address in the poem are:

      • another character in the poem

      • the speaker can address a character who is not present or dead (this is called apostrophe)

      • the speaker can address the reader

  3. subject:

    • the general or specific topic of the poem, what the poem is about

  4. tone:

    • the poet’s attitude toward the subject of the poem, may be different from the speakers attitude

    • you can identify the tone of the poem by noting the authors use of poetic devices such as diction, rhythm and syntax

  5. theme:

    • the statement the poem/poet makes about its subject

  6. imagery:

    • words and phrases used specifically to help the reader to imagine each of the senses; smell, touch, sight, hearing and taste

    • each type of imagery has a certain name:

      • olfactory - imagery that stimulates the sense of smell

      • tactile - imagery that stimulates the sense of touch

      • visual - imagery that stimulates the sense of sight

      • auditory - imagery that stimulates the sense of hearing

      • gustatory - imagery that stimulates the sense of taste

      • kinaesthesia - imagery that recreates a feeling of a physical action (pulse, heartbeat)

      • synaesthesia - the use of an imagery that uses one sense to evoke another

Glossary of persuasive forms and features

term

defintion

ethos

appeals to the writers character, ethos can be thought of as the role of the writer in the argument, and how credible his/her argument

pathos

appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument

logos

appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued his or her point

high modality

high modality language e.g. must, always, certain, expresses a high probability or sense of obligation which adds to the persuasive effect on the audience

imperative mood

a command, plea of exhortation expressed by using the base form of the verb, e.g. Eat your vegetables!

anecdote

A short, interesting story told about a person’s experience

persuasive imagery

similes or metaphors that evoke pathos, prompting readers of listeners to feel a particular emotion

rhetorical question

a question that is asked to create a persuasive effect on the audience, rather than in search of an answer

repetition

the repetition of words, groups of words, or ideas to emphasise an idea or emotion

anaphora

the repetition of a word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences

tricolon

a group of 3 parallel phrases or clauses

direct address

speaking to the audience, often using the pronoun “you” or using the imperative mood

inclusive pronouns

pronouns such as “we” and “us”, which encourage a sense of alliance between the speaker/writer and the audience

call to action

often used towards the end of a persuasive text to give the audience an action to complete now that they are persuaded

Glossary of discursive forms & features

term

definition

personal anecdote

a short personal story told within a larger text

conversational tone

using words, expressions and sentence structures that are casual and relaxed

first person perspective

writing from a personal perspective, using pronouns such as '“i, me, my, we”

figurative language

similes, metaphors, personification and other types of non-literal language

motif

a repeated image or symbol

imagery

similes/metaphors or sensory imager such as visual, aural, tactile, olfactory and gustatory

resolution

ending of the piece, could be reflective or circular

epigraph

an interesting short quotation at the beginning that foregrounds or in some way inspires the writing that follows it

digressive punctuation

punctuation that marks a digressive an discursive mood, brackets, dashes and ellipses

embedded phrases & clauses

afterthoughts and extra details added to the main sentence, often bracketed by commas, dashes or brackets

colloquialisms

slang terms

vignettes

short word pictures or written sketches. A discursive piece can be written entirely in vignettes

intertextuality

including references to other texts, books/films/myths

low modality

words that express a low degree of certainty or obligation, might/probably/could/possibly

numbered or subtitles sections

some discursive pieces are structures in sections marked by numbers or subheadings

Glossary of some satirical forms and features

term

definition

satire

the use of humour, irony, exaggeration or ridicule to expose and criticise peoples stupidity or vices, particularly in the context of current issues

vice

morally wrong behaviour, lying

folly

stupid or silly behaviour, wearing extreme fashions

exaggeration

exaggeration is used to emphasise a vice or folly and clearly show how wrong or strange it is

irony

verbal irony is a way of emphasising a folly or vice by deliberately describing it in a way that is different to the actual meaning, pretending strange people of ideas are sensible

sarcasm

similar to verbal irony, but more aggressive and less subtle, e.g saying “wow thats so graceful”, when someone falls over

ridicule

making fun or showing contempt for someone or something, mockery

parody

an exaggerated copy of a person, song, film, genre, text

inversion or reversal

satirising a situation by reversing it, depicting male superheroes in sexualised poses that female superheroes are usually drawn in

caricature

an exaggerated character or form of visual exaggeration, drawing someone with extremely large ears

hyperbole

exaggerated figurative language (similes, metaphors, etc.)

incongruity

putting a person or thing in an unusual setting to crate a sense of absurdity (comic strangeness), a caveman suing an ipad

juxtaposition

putting two things or people close together for satiric effect

robot