Exam 3

How many quadrants can the abdomen be divided in?

4

What are the organs that are in the right upper quadrant?

liver, gallbladder

What are the organs in the left upper quadrant?

stomach, pancreas, spleen

What are the organs are in the right lower quadrant?

appendix

What are some symptoms of inflammation of the appendix?

fever, pain, loss of appetite

What is the peritoneum?

membrane that lines the abdomen and covers organs

What are the three peritoneum?

parietal, visceral, and peritoneal cavity

What is the parietal peritoneum also known as?

the backpack

What is the parietal peritoneum?

lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall

What is the visceral peritoneum?

covers the majority of the visera (organs)

What is the peritoneal cavity?

space between peritoneum

What muscles form the inguinal canal?

external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus

What does the inguinal canal contain?

spermatic cord, round ligament, and ilioinguinal/genitofemoral nerves

What are the 4 main abdominal muscles?

rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominus

What are the functions of the 4 main abdominal muscles?

protection of abdominal viscera, stabilization and movement of torso, increase intra abdominal pressure

What is the abdominal musculature innervated by?

thoracoabdominal nerves

What is the line that separates rectus abdominus into left and right halves?

linea alba

What is the line that separates rectus abdominus into smaller segments? (horizontal lines)

tendinous intersections

What is the nerve root level that innervates the abdominal region?

T6-T12

What are the four main dermatomes to know for the abdominal/thoracic region?

nipple line, xiphoid, umbilicus, pubis

What is the nerve root level for the nipple line?

T4

What is the nerve root level for the xiphoid?

T6

What is the nerve root level for the umbilicus?

T10

What is the nerve root level for the pubis?

T12

What are the muscles in the back subdivided into?

extrinsic and intrinsic muscles

What are extrinsic muscles divided into?

superficial and intermediate

What do superficial muscles do?

facilitate upper extremity movement

What do intermediate muscles do?

aid in thoracic movement, decompression of ribs, and knowing where limbs are

What are intrinsic muscles divided into?

intermediate, and deep

What do deep muscles do?

postural/movement coordination musculature

With extrinsic back muscles, what muscles are in the superficial layer?

trapezius and latissimus dorsi

With extrinsic back muscles, what muscles are in the intermediate layer?

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior

With intrinsic back muscles, what muscles are in the intermediate layer?

ilicostalis, longissimus, and spinalis

What are the action of the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

spinal extension and lateral flexion

What nerve innervates the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?

posterior rami of spinal nerves

Clinical Anatomy: Where does quadratus lumborum attach to?

iliac crest, 12th rib, and lumbar transerves processes

Clinical Anatomy: What does quadratus lumborum do?

extends and laterally flexes the spine

Clinical Anatomy: What is quadratus lumborum susceptible to?

trigger points and myofascial referred pain

What type of muscles are in the deep layer?

multifical, rotatores, interspinalis, and intertransversarii

What is thoracolumbar fascia?

forms a compartment for the deep muscles of the back

What is the purpose of thoracolumbar fascia?

serve as an attachment for latissimus dorsi and other back muscles

Where does thoracolumbar fascia run from?

vertebra to costal angle of ribs to iliac crest

What is the abdominal aorta a continuation of?

the thoracic aorta which originates from the heart

What does the abdominal aorta turn into?

transforms into iliac arteries

What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?

celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric

What veins transform into the inferior vena cava?

both common iliac veins

What veins drain blood into inferior vena cava?

renal veins from kidenys

What vein drains blood from the stomach/intestine to liver?

hepatic portal vein

Hepatic veins drains blood from where?

liver

What are the functions of the pelvic floor muscles?

supports abdominal/pelvic viscera, resistance during straining, and urinary/fecal continence

What three muscles make up the levator ani in the pelvic floor?

puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus

What 4 muscles make up the “core?"

diaphragm superiorly, pelvic floor inferiorly, abdominal musculature anterolaterally, and back musculature posteriorly

What are the innervations of the pelvic floor?

pudendal nerve and sacral plexus

What are the arteries of the pelvic region?

common iliac, external iliac, and internal iliac

Where are intraperitoneal structures found?

within the peritoneum

What organs are intraperitoneal?

stomach, liver, spleen, and parts of instestines

Where are retroperitoneal structures found?

behind the peritoneum

What organs are retroperitoneal?

suprarenal glands, kidneys, and pancreas

What are the digestive system functions?

breakdown food, nutrient absorption, and elimination of waste

What is the name of the tube that connects “cheek to cheek?”

alimentary canal

What happens during ingestion?

solid and liquid material into oral cavity

What happens during mechanical digestion?

propulsion (peristalsis) and segmentation

What happens during chemical digestion?

breakdown for absorption

What happens during secretion?

water, acids, bile, digestive enzymes

What happens during absorption?

movement of nutrients

What happens during defication?

elimination of solid waste

What does the oral cavity consist of?

teeth, tongue, and salivary glands

What are the salivary glands in the oral cavity?

parotoid, sublingual, and submandibular

What functions do the oral cavity perform?

chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition)

Where does the esophagus move ingested food from?

from pharynx to stomach

What structure does the esophagus pass through on its way to the stomach?

diaphragm

What are mesenteries?

double layer of the visceral peritoneum that anchors oragns

What are the four main parts of the stomach?

cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric

What are the function of the stomach?

secretion, chemical digestion, and storage

What does the small intestine aid in?

digestion, secretion, and absorption

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (DJ Ileum)

What does the duodenum do in the small intestine?

neutralize and digest

What does the jejunum do in the small intestine?

digest and absorb

What does the ileum do in the small intestine?

absorption

What does the ileocecal sphincter do?

allows for passage of food into large intestine

What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the abdominal region?

longitudinal and circular layer

What does the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle do in the abdominal region?

peristalsis

What does the circular layer of smooth muscle do in the abdominal region?

segmentation

What system controls movement in the abdominal region?

autonomic nervous system

What are the three primary food substrates?

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

What are carbohydrates ingested as?

polysaccharides

What are carbohydrates digested into?

monosaccharides

What is the primary enzyme the breaks down carbohydrates?

amylase (breaks into glucose)

What are proteins ingested as?

polypeptides

What are proteins digested as?

amino acids

What is the primary enzyme that breaks down proteins?

protease

Where is the primary enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates found?

saliva and pancreas

Where is the primary enzyme to break down protein found?

stomach and pancreas

What are fats ingested as?

triglycerides

What are fats digested into?

fatty acids and monoglycerides

What is the primary enzyme that breaks down fats?

lipases

Where is the primary enzyme for the breakdown of fats found?

pancreas

What does the large intestine consist of?

cecum, colon, and rectum

What are the parts of the colon?

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid

What is the function of the large intestine?

absorption and defecation