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How many quadrants can the abdomen be divided in?
4
What are the organs that are in the right upper quadrant?
liver, gallbladder
What are the organs in the left upper quadrant?
stomach, pancreas, spleen
What are the organs are in the right lower quadrant?
appendix
What are some symptoms of inflammation of the appendix?
fever, pain, loss of appetite
What is the peritoneum?
membrane that lines the abdomen and covers organs
What are the three peritoneum?
parietal, visceral, and peritoneal cavity
What is the parietal peritoneum also known as?
the backpack
What is the parietal peritoneum?
lines the internal surface of the abdominal wall
What is the visceral peritoneum?
covers the majority of the visera (organs)
What is the peritoneal cavity?
space between peritoneum
What muscles form the inguinal canal?
external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominus
What does the inguinal canal contain?
spermatic cord, round ligament, and ilioinguinal/genitofemoral nerves
What are the 4 main abdominal muscles?
rectus abdominus, external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominus
What are the functions of the 4 main abdominal muscles?
protection of abdominal viscera, stabilization and movement of torso, increase intra abdominal pressure
What is the abdominal musculature innervated by?
thoracoabdominal nerves
What is the line that separates rectus abdominus into left and right halves?
linea alba
What is the line that separates rectus abdominus into smaller segments? (horizontal lines)
tendinous intersections
What is the nerve root level that innervates the abdominal region?
T6-T12
What are the four main dermatomes to know for the abdominal/thoracic region?
nipple line, xiphoid, umbilicus, pubis
What is the nerve root level for the nipple line?
T4
What is the nerve root level for the xiphoid?
T6
What is the nerve root level for the umbilicus?
T10
What is the nerve root level for the pubis?
T12
What are the muscles in the back subdivided into?
extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
What are extrinsic muscles divided into?
superficial and intermediate
What do superficial muscles do?
facilitate upper extremity movement
What do intermediate muscles do?
aid in thoracic movement, decompression of ribs, and knowing where limbs are
What are intrinsic muscles divided into?
intermediate, and deep
What do deep muscles do?
postural/movement coordination musculature
With extrinsic back muscles, what muscles are in the superficial layer?
trapezius and latissimus dorsi
With extrinsic back muscles, what muscles are in the intermediate layer?
serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior
With intrinsic back muscles, what muscles are in the intermediate layer?
ilicostalis, longissimus, and spinalis
What are the action of the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
spinal extension and lateral flexion
What nerve innervates the intermediate layer of the intrinsic back muscles?
posterior rami of spinal nerves
Clinical Anatomy: Where does quadratus lumborum attach to?
iliac crest, 12th rib, and lumbar transerves processes
Clinical Anatomy: What does quadratus lumborum do?
extends and laterally flexes the spine
Clinical Anatomy: What is quadratus lumborum susceptible to?
trigger points and myofascial referred pain
What type of muscles are in the deep layer?
multifical, rotatores, interspinalis, and intertransversarii
What is thoracolumbar fascia?
forms a compartment for the deep muscles of the back
What is the purpose of thoracolumbar fascia?
serve as an attachment for latissimus dorsi and other back muscles
Where does thoracolumbar fascia run from?
vertebra to costal angle of ribs to iliac crest
What is the abdominal aorta a continuation of?
the thoracic aorta which originates from the heart
What does the abdominal aorta turn into?
transforms into iliac arteries
What are the branches of the abdominal aorta?
celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
What veins transform into the inferior vena cava?
both common iliac veins
What veins drain blood into inferior vena cava?
renal veins from kidenys
What vein drains blood from the stomach/intestine to liver?
hepatic portal vein
Hepatic veins drains blood from where?
liver
What are the functions of the pelvic floor muscles?
supports abdominal/pelvic viscera, resistance during straining, and urinary/fecal continence
What three muscles make up the levator ani in the pelvic floor?
puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus
What 4 muscles make up the “core?"
diaphragm superiorly, pelvic floor inferiorly, abdominal musculature anterolaterally, and back musculature posteriorly
What are the innervations of the pelvic floor?
pudendal nerve and sacral plexus
What are the arteries of the pelvic region?
common iliac, external iliac, and internal iliac
Where are intraperitoneal structures found?
within the peritoneum
What organs are intraperitoneal?
stomach, liver, spleen, and parts of instestines
Where are retroperitoneal structures found?
behind the peritoneum
What organs are retroperitoneal?
suprarenal glands, kidneys, and pancreas
What are the digestive system functions?
breakdown food, nutrient absorption, and elimination of waste
What is the name of the tube that connects “cheek to cheek?”
alimentary canal
What happens during ingestion?
solid and liquid material into oral cavity
What happens during mechanical digestion?
propulsion (peristalsis) and segmentation
What happens during chemical digestion?
breakdown for absorption
What happens during secretion?
water, acids, bile, digestive enzymes
What happens during absorption?
movement of nutrients
What happens during defication?
elimination of solid waste
What does the oral cavity consist of?
teeth, tongue, and salivary glands
What are the salivary glands in the oral cavity?
parotoid, sublingual, and submandibular
What functions do the oral cavity perform?
chewing (mastication) and swallowing (deglutition)
Where does the esophagus move ingested food from?
from pharynx to stomach
What structure does the esophagus pass through on its way to the stomach?
diaphragm
What are mesenteries?
double layer of the visceral peritoneum that anchors oragns
What are the four main parts of the stomach?
cardia, fundus, body, and pyloric
What are the function of the stomach?
secretion, chemical digestion, and storage
What does the small intestine aid in?
digestion, secretion, and absorption
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, and ileum (DJ Ileum)
What does the duodenum do in the small intestine?
neutralize and digest
What does the jejunum do in the small intestine?
digest and absorb
What does the ileum do in the small intestine?
absorption
What does the ileocecal sphincter do?
allows for passage of food into large intestine
What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the abdominal region?
longitudinal and circular layer
What does the longitudinal layer of smooth muscle do in the abdominal region?
peristalsis
What does the circular layer of smooth muscle do in the abdominal region?
segmentation
What system controls movement in the abdominal region?
autonomic nervous system
What are the three primary food substrates?
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
What are carbohydrates ingested as?
polysaccharides
What are carbohydrates digested into?
monosaccharides
What is the primary enzyme the breaks down carbohydrates?
amylase (breaks into glucose)
What are proteins ingested as?
polypeptides
What are proteins digested as?
amino acids
What is the primary enzyme that breaks down proteins?
protease
Where is the primary enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates found?
saliva and pancreas
Where is the primary enzyme to break down protein found?
stomach and pancreas
What are fats ingested as?
triglycerides
What are fats digested into?
fatty acids and monoglycerides
What is the primary enzyme that breaks down fats?
lipases
Where is the primary enzyme for the breakdown of fats found?
pancreas
What does the large intestine consist of?
cecum, colon, and rectum
What are the parts of the colon?
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
What is the function of the large intestine?
absorption and defecation
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