Midterms: Lesson 1 & 2 - Measurement and Matter

Measurement

Obtaining numerical values or data from experiments.

• Is the process and skill of finding the dimension of physical quantity.

Unit

A fixed quantity with respect to which a physical quantity is measured.

Metric System

Adopted by System International d' Unites or the SI system of units; internationally recognized and used by most nations.

Scientific Notation

Is a shorthand for writing very large or very small numbers.

Atom

Anything that occupies space and has mass.

Mass

Refers amount of substance.

Weight

Refers to the downward pull of object towards the center of the earth.

1. Matter is composed of tiny particles.

2. The particles have spaces between them.

3. The particles are moving all the time.

4. The particles of matter attract each other.

What are the particle nature of matter?

• Physical Properties

• Chemical Properties

• Intensive Properties

• Extensive Properties

What are the properties of matter?

Physical Properties

A property that can be observed and measured without changing the substance.

Chemical Properties

A property that can only be observed by changing the type of substance.

Extensive Properties

Only depends on the amount of matter.

• ex: height, weight, temperature, size, shape, volume, etc.

Intensive Properties

Only depends on the type of matter, not the amount used to identify a substance

• ex: Boiling point, Freezing point, Melting point, Solubility, Malleability, Viscosity, etc.

• Pure substance

  • Elements

  • Compounds

• Mixtures

What are the classifications of matter?

Elements

• The simplest form of substance

• Cannot be decomposed by simple chemical means

• Building blocks of matter

Compounds

Substances that are made up of molecules with two or more kinds of atoms in definite proportions.

1. Ionic

2. Covalent

3. Metallic

What are the three types of compounds?

Ionic

A compound for electron transfer.

Metal Atoms + Non-metal atoms

Covalent

A compound for electron sharing.

Non-metal atoms + Non-metal atoms

Metallic

A compound for interaction between metallic elements.

Metal Atoms + Metal Atoms

• Organic

• Inorganic

• Acids

• Bases

• Salts

• Oxides

What are the compositions of compounds?

Organic

Compounds with Carbon

Inorganic

Compounds with other elements.

Acids

Inorganic compounds that contain hydrogen, yield hydrogen ions in water solutions.

Bases

Inorganic compounds that contains a metal with a hydroxyl group.

Salts

Inorganic compounds combined positive and negative ions.

Oxides

Inorganic compounds with oxygen and other elements.

Power of Hydrogen Scale

Is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 - 14, with 7 being neutral.

1 - 6 = Acidic
7 = Neutral
8 - 14 = Base

Mixtures

Two or more substances and based on appearance.

• Homogenous

• Heterogenous

Homogenous

Uniform appearance has the same properties and composition throughout.

Heterogenous

Two or more distinct portions, different properties and composition.

• Solution

• Colloid

• Suspension

What are the mixtures based on particle size?

Solution

Molecular size; solute and solvent.

Colloid

10,000 angstrom; dispersing phase and dispersion medium.

Sol and gel

Solid in liquid.

Aerosol

Solid/liquid in gas.

Emulsion

Liquid in solid/liquid.

Foam

Gas in solid/liquid.

Suspension

Larger than 10,000 angstrom.

• Filtration

• Distillation

• Magnetic Separation

• Decantation

• Sublimation

What are the separation methods?

Filtration

Separation of a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture using a filtering membrane.

Distillation

Separation of liquids in a homogeneous mixture

Magnetic Separation

Separation of a magnetic solid from a heterogeneous mixture.

Decantation

Separation of a solid from a liquid in a heterogeneous mixture based on gravity.

Sublimation

Separation of a volatile solid from a nonvolatile solid.

• Physical Change

• Chemical Change

What are the types of changes in matter?

Physical Change

• In physical properties

• Without changing its chemical composition

• No new product is formed

• Temporary

• Reversible

• No change in mass

Chemical Change

• Change in its chemical composition and constitution of the substance.

• A new product is formed

• Permanent

• Irreversible

• Change in mass

Solid, Liquid, and Gas

What are the states of matter?

Solid

• Retains a fix volume and shape

• Rigid - Particles are locked into place

• Not easily compressible, little free spaces between particles

• Does not flow easily

• Particles cannot move/slide past one another

Liquid

• Assumes the shape of the container which it occupies.

• Particles can move/slide past one another

• Not easily compressible, little free space between particles

• Flows easily

Gas

• Assumes the shape and volume of its container.

• Particles can move past one another.

• Compressible

• Lots of free space between particles

• Flows easily