AP Human Geography CH 3&4 Vocab

Population Distribution

Population Distribution

Pattern of Human Settlement- Spread of people across the Earth

Population Density

Measure of average population per square mi/km of an area

Midlatitudes

Region between 30-60 degrees, north and south of equators

Social Stratification

Hierarchical division of people based on different factors

Arithmetic Population Density

Dividing region’s population by it’s total area

Physiological Population Density

Dividing population by amount of arable land

Arable

Land suitable for growing crops

Agricultural Population Density

Compares number of farmers to area of arable land

Redistricting

Boundary Adjustments- Creating electoral districts of equal population sizes due to differing rural and urban population densities

Infrastructure

Facilities and structures that allow people to carry out day-to-day activites

Overpopulation

Having more people than it can support

Carrying Capacity

Amount of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Population Pyramid

Most useful tool to study population- Age-Sex Composition Graph

Cohort

The vertical axis showing age groups on a population pyramid

Birth Deficit

The slowdown of births

Baby Boom

Birth rate spike

Baby Bust

Birth rates lower for number of years

Echo

The boom or bust of a previous generation can be reflected on another more recent generation

Dependency Ratio

Comparison between the size of the Potential Workforce and the Dependant Population

Potential Workforce

People ages 15-64

Dependant Population

People under 15 or over 64

Demographic Balancing Equation

Describe the future population of a region of any scale: Future Population= Current Population + (Number of births - number of deaths) + (Number of immigrants - Number of emigrants)

Immigrants

People who move into the country

Emigrants

People who move out of the country

Crude Birth Rate

Number of live births per year for each 1,000 people

Total Fertility Rate

Average number of children who would be born per woman of a group in a country; woman through the childbearing years of 15-49

Life Expectancy

Average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate

Number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude Death Rate

Number of deaths per year for each 1,000 people

Rate of Natural Increase

Percentage in which a country’s population is increasing or decreasing without the impact of migration

Population Doubling Time

Population growing exponentially- amount of time it takes for population to double

Demographic Transition Model

Shows 5 typical stages of population change that countries experience as they modernize

Demographic Momentum

The continued population growth for at least one more generation even after a decline, usually fertility related

Epidemiological Transition Model

Extension of demographic transition model and explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death within societies

Malthusian Theory

Theory suggesting, since population would grow faster than food production, the world’s population would soon become unsupportable

Pronatalist Policies

Policies designed to increase fertility rate

Boserup Theory

Theory suggesting that the higher the population the more hands there are to work, rather than more mouths to feed

Neo-Malthusians

People who agree with Malthusian Theory

Anti-Natalist Policies

Policies that attempt to decrease number of births in a country; usually underdeveloped countries