LZHS Bio II Animal Kingdom Part 3 (Vertebrates)

Vertebrae

bones or cartilage that surround the dorsal nerve cord and form the spine

Cranium

skull that protects the brain

Chemoreception

the ability to detect chemicals in the environment

Lateral line

organ which allows fish to sense vibration in the water.

External fertilization

process in which fertilization occurs outside of the body.

Cartilage

a flexible, lightweight material made of cells surrounded by tough fibers of protein.

Placoid scales

small, tooth-like spines that feel like sandpaper.

Internal fertilization

fertilization which occurs inside the body of the female

Swim bladder

a gas-filled sac that is used to control buoyancy.

Operculum

a hard plate that opens at the rear and covers and protects the gills of bony fish

Countercurrent flow

an arrangement whereby water flows away from the head and blood flows toward the head.

Claspers

modified pelvic fins that the male uses to transfer sperm into the female's body.

Classes Myxini & Cephalospidomorphi

Used to be "Agnatha" which means "without jaws"

Jawless fish: Hagfish (marine) and Lamprey (freshwater) that are parasitic

*Keep their notochord throughout their life!

Class Chondrichthyes

Cartilaginous fish: sharks, skates, and rays; known for internal fertilization

Classes Actinopterygii (ray finned) & Sarcopterygii (lobe finned)

Bony fish; known for their bony skeleton, presence of a swim bladder and operculum; lobe finned fish are known for lung development

Acanthodians

The first known fish to have paired fins and jaws

Excretory System of fish

contain a urinary bladder and kidneys

Olfactory bulbs

The part of the brain that connects to specialized nerve cells found in shark nostrils; allow for keen chemoreption

Jacobson's organ

in the roof of the mouth of reptiles and is sensitive to odors

Pit organs

heat sensitive pits in snakes found below each eye

Ectotherm

animal that warms its body by absorbing heat from its surroundings (use behavior to move around in response to what the animal needs to maintain the narrow range required to survive)

Endotherm

metabolism creates internal body heat; most have fur or feathers to retain heat (mammals & birds)

Viviparity

(mainly mammals, some lizards & snakes)

NO SHELL; Young stay inside mother until mature enough to be born; Nutrition comes from placenta

Ovoviviparity

(only some reptiles)

Eggs may be laid shortly before hatching; Eggs hatch inside mother; Nutrition from yolk

Oviparity

(most reptiles, all birds, 3 species of mammals)

Each egg in enclosed in a tough protective shell; Eggs are deposited in a safe place;

Nutrition from yolk

Placenta

structure which nutrients & oxygen are transferred from mother to embryo (mainly mammals, some lizards & snakes)

Carapace

the dorsal part of the shell of a turtle or tortoise

Plastron

the ventral part of the shell of a turtle or tortoise

Autotomy

the ability of an animal to detach its tail or other body part and survive

Amnion

thin membrane enclosing the fluid that the embryo floats in

(1 of 4 watertight membranes that makes the amniotic egg)

Yolk sac

encloses the yolk; which is the food for the developing embryo

(1 of 4 watertight membranes that makes the amniotic egg)

Allantois

stores waste produced by the embryo; vessels exchange gases

(1 of 4 watertight membranes that makes the amniotic egg)

Chorion

provides protection; surrounds other membranes (outermost membrane)

(1 of 4 watertight membranes that makes the amniotic egg)

Order Chelonia

Earliest fossil ("oldest reptiles"), body covered by a shell, beak instead of teeth

Ex: turtles (aquatic) & tortoise (terrestrial)

Order Crocodilia

Reptiles that are the most closely related to dinosaurs; known for having a 4 chambered heart, caring for their young; and having a valve to cover the opening to the lungs

Ex: Alligators & Crocodiles

Order Squamata

Largest living reptilian order; known for many specialized adaptations

Ex: lizards and snakes

Order Rhynchocephalia

Nicknamed the Ancient Reptiles (though not the oldest); known for being active at low temperatures; named for the spiny crest that runs down their back

Ex: Tuatara

crop

follows the esophagus passageway in a bird's digestive tract; used to store and moisten food

proventriculus

1st chamber of a bird stomach; where food breakdown begins using digestive enzymes (chemical)

gizzard (ventriculus)

2nd chamber of a bird's stomach; muscular part (mechanical); may contain stones they swallow

precocial young

many eggs produced; long incubation; young can move about and feed themselves as soon as they hatch; Ex: Ducks and chickens

altricial young

few eggs produced; shorter incubation; hatch blind, naked, and helpless; Ex: hawks, pigeons

bones in the wing of a bird

humerus, radius, and ulna (just like in a human arm)

Skeleton modifications for flight

lightweight hollow bones, fusion of bones (i.e. pelvic girdle), and the pygostyle (tail)

Order Apodiformes

Hummingbird

Order Galliformes

Turkey

Order Psittachiformes

Parrot, parakeet, cockatiel

Colorful hooked beak; 2 toes forward, 2 toes backward; many threatened with extinction

Order Struthioniformes

Ostrich

Order Passeriformes

Robin, Blue Jay, Cardinal

Largest order; song birds; 3 toes forward, 1 toe backward

Order Strigiformes

Owls

Nocturnal, Sharp beak & talons

Order Anseriformes

Swans, geese, ducks

Waterfowl; webbed feet, flat bill; precocial young

Bird Respiratory System

Highly divided with air sacs in addition to the lungs; most efficient respiratory system of ALL terrestrial vertebrates

Bird Circulatory System

4 chambered heart; 2 atria & 2 ventricles; oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood do NOT mix

Bird Digestive System

No teeth (beak), food follows a pathway: esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, large intestine, cloaca (rapid digestion)

Bird Skeletal System

Bones are thin and hollow (lightweight), many are fused

Bird Reproductive System

Internal fertilization; lay amniotic eggs (oviparous)

Feathers

modified reptilian scales; made of keratin; 3 types: down, contour, & flight

Preening

Process by which birds care for their feathers; use beaks to rub oil from the preen gland located at the base of the tail

Molting

Process by which birds shed their feathers

Order Monotremata

the group of oviparous (egg laying) mammals; ; Platypus in/near water & Echidna are terrestrial

Super Order Marsupialia

viviparous mammal; young's development within the mother is short then continues in a pouch

pinniped

an aquatic carnivore, such as a seal; uses modified limbs (flippers) to navigate through the water

ungulate

mammal with hooves

Order Cetacea

2 groups: Toothed & Baleen; they are the only mammals that spend their entire life in the water; Ex: a whale, dolphin or porpoise

Order Rodentia

Largest Mammalian order; 2 sets of incisors that continuously grow; Ex: squirrel, chipmunk, rat, gopher, porcupine

Order Primates

Prosimians (lemur) & Arthropoids (monkey, ape, humans); have large brains, teeth for being omnivores; & forward facing eyes (depth perception)

Order Chiroptera

Modified front limb is a wing (leathery membrane-like skin stretched between finger bones to hind limb); Only mammals that fly; use ecolocation

Order Carnivora

Found everywhere; eat meat; several adaptations to be a successful hunter

Terrestrial: run well (dogs, cats, bears)

Aquatic: called pinnipeds, streamlined, return to land to sleep & give birth (seals, sea lions, otters)

Order Artiodactyla

Even number of toes; ungulates (have hooves); herbivores with a rumen full of bacteria to digest the plants they eat; Ex: Deer, Cattle, Pigs, Camels & Giraffes

Order Perissodactyla

Odd number of toes; ungulates (have hooves); herbivores with a cecum full of bacteria to digest the plants they eat; Ex: Horses, Rhinos, & Tapirs

Order Proboscidea

Elephants! Trunked nose; largest land mammal; feed 18 hours a day; modified incisors (tusks); 20 month gestation

Gestation

Period of time between fertilization & birth

Amphibian

"double life"; amphibians live on land and in the water; carnivorous

Amphibian Breathing

(Adult vs. Young)

Adult: through skin (cutaneous) & lungs

Young: through gills

Order Anura

amphibians without tails (tailed larvae = tadpoles); large hind legs

Ex: frogs & toads

Order Gymnophiona

legless amphibians; slender bodies; only amphibian with scales; tropical

Ex: caecilian

Order Caudata

tailed amphibians; distinct head, tail, and limbs

Ex: Newts & Salamandars

Amphibian circulatory system

3 chambered; pumps both oxygenated and deoxygenated

Metamorphosis

series of changes in the life cycle of a frog (limbs develop, lungs replace gills, the tail disappears); can occur in water or in a mother's stomach

The Orders of Class Amphibia

Order Anura, Gymnophiona, Caudata

External fertilization

The type of fertilization most amphibians have; fertilized eggs must be laid in a wet environment

Cutaneous respiration

Skin breathing; skin must be moist to allow for easier gas exchange

Amphibian skeletal system

limbs are attached to fused bone sections called "girdles"; an adaptation for jumping