Long term memory Intro

Interference

A phenomenon in memory where older or similar information blocks the retrieval of newer or different information.

Proactive Interference

When older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.

Retroactive Interference

When new information interferes with the retrieval of older memories.

Cue Overload

When a single cue is associated with multiple target memories, making retrieval more difficult.

Spreading Activation

A process where activating one node in a network of memory triggers activation of related nodes.

Levels of Processing

An explanation of memory recall that suggests deeper processing (semantic) leads to better recall than shallow processing (structural or phonemic).

Encoding Specificity

The principle that memory retrieval is most effective when the context at retrieval matches the context at encoding.

Desirable Difficulties

Learning strategies that challenge students but lead to better long-term retention.

Transfer Appropriate Processing

The idea that memory performance is enhanced when the coding of information during learning matches the process used during retrieval.

Very Long Term Memory

Memory that remains intact over long periods of time, often many years, such as recalling high school classmates after decades.

Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the storage and recall of factual information and concepts about the world.

Retrieval Cues

Stimuli that help retrieve a certain memory.

Savings in Relearning

The phenomenon where relearning previously learned material takes less time than original learning.

Overlearning

Study technique involving continued study beyond initial mastery, which helps retain information longer.

Korsakoff Syndrome

A neurological disorder caused by vitamin B1 deficiency, affecting memory, often associated with chronic alcoholism.

Schema

A cognitive framework or concept that helps organize and interpret information in the memory.

Practice Effects

Improvements in test performance that occur with repeated testing.

Free Recall Test

A memory test where participants generate items (without cues) they learned previously.

Recognition Test

A memory test where participants identify items they previously learned, given cues or options.