Biochem Test #2

Metabolic Pathway

What is it called when a fuel is used and large molecules are made in an integrated network of reactions?

Ribose

Which of the following is a component of ATP?

90%

How much ATP is the proton gradient responsible for

Vitamins

What is a source of coenzymes in higher animals?

Oxygen

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

Carbon Dioxide

What is the product of complete oxidation?

Formation of isocitrate from citrate

Which of the following is an example of isomerization?

ATP

What is the chemical currency of the cell?

NADPH has been esterified with phosphate

What is the difference between NADPH and NADH?

FADH2

What is the reduced form of flavin adenine dinucleotide?

A carbonyl group reacting with an alcohol group

What causes the cyclization of sugars?

When the substituent on C1 is opposite the substituent of C6

What is an alpha anomer?

Glucose

What is the essential molecule of energy storage

Long straight beta linkages

What gives cellulose its unique properties?

Epimers

What is it called when two monosaccharides differ in stereochem at one place?

Two molecules of pyruvate and two molecules of ATP

What does glycolysis produce?

Mg2+ or Mn2+

What ions does hexokinase need?

Kinases

What type of enzyme transfers a phosphate group?

In the liver

Where is fructose metabolized?

Fructose 1,6 bisphosphate

 What activates pyruvate kinase?

In the kidneys

 In what organ does gluconeogenesis occur?

The liver

What controls glucose levels in the blood?

In the lumen of the ER

Where is free glucose located in the cell?

Glucogen

 What stimulates protein kinase A?

It couples the reaction to phosphorylation to make it go forward

What is the purpose of the thioester intermediate?

Lipoamide

 What is the prosthetic group of E2?

Coenzyme Q

What part of the electron transport chain accepts electrons from iron sulfur clusters?

Alpha-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate

What components of the citric acid cycle can be used to synthesize amino acids?

Succinyl CoA

What is the inhibitor of the rate limiting step of the citric acid cycle?

Inhibition by phosphorylation

What is the key regulator of pyruvate dehydrogenase?

NADH-Q oxidoreductase

What is the name of complex 1 in the electron transport chain?

Succinate dehydrogenase

What is the name of complex 2 in the electron transport chain?

Q-cytochrome c oxidoreductase

What is the name of complex 3 in the electron transport chain?

Cytochrome c oxidase

What is the name of complex 4 in the electron transport chain?

Heme as a prosthetic group

What does cytochrome contain that aids in electron transfer?

Cytochrome c oxidase

What enzyme catalyzes the conversion of O2 into H2O?

Iron sulfur clusters

What is the prosthetic group present in complexes 1,2, and 3?

Coenzyme Q

What has an isoprenoid tail?

One half channel is exposed towards the matrix and the other half channel is exposed to the intermembrane space

Which of the following is true about complex 1?

Cytochrome C

Which of the following is water soluble?

Proton gradient

What type of gradient is used to power ATP synthase

A pH gradient is formed by the movement of protons from the inner mitochondrial space to the matrix.

What gradient is formed and what forms it?

In the inner membrane

Where does ATP synthesis occur?

ADP enters only if ATP exists

Which of the following is true?

It causes ATP to be released

What is the role of the proton gradient?