Psychopathology

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48 Terms

1
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What is statistical infrequency

Occurs when an individual has a less common characteristic compared to the rest of the population

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Evaluate statistical infrequency

doesn't distinguish between positive and negative rare characteristics

Objective so factual and free from bias

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What is deviation from social norms?

Behaviour that is different from the expected standards of behaviour in a community or society

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Evaluation of deviation from social norms

Social norms change across time and culture

Pathologises antisocial criminal behaviour

Easy to notice

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What is failure to function adequately?

Occurs when somebody is unable to cope with the ordinary demands of day to day living

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Evaluation of failure to function adequately

Subjective of what is adequate, people with mental illnesses can force themself to function

Does mean that people struggling can get help

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What is deviation from ideal metal health?

Occurs when someone does not meet a set of criteria for good mental health

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Evaluation of deviation from ideal mental health

Risks pathologising majority of the population

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Criteria for idea mental health by Jahoda

Rational thinking, accurate perception of self, strives to reach self-actualisation, copes well with stress, lack of distress, good self esteem, lack of guilt, independant, environmental mastery: works sucessfully and loves and enjoys leisure time

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What is a phobia?

An irrational fear of an object or situation

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3 categories of phobias

Specific- object, animal, situation

Social- social situations such as public speaking and using public toilets

Agoraphobia- being outside your home

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Cognitive characteristics of phobias

Selective attention, difficult to look away, irrational thoughts, cognitive distortions: jumping to conclusions, focus on negative, mind reading

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Emotional characteristics of phobias

Anxiety and fear, unreasonable emotional responce

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Behavioural characteristics of phobias

Panic, avoidance and endurance

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Two process model of treating phobias

1) acquisition by classical conditioning

2) maintenance by operant conditioning

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Systematic desensitisation

1) Patient and therapist create and anxiety hierarchy

2) relaxation techniques

3) gradual exposure

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Flooding technique to treat phobias

No gradual exposure, patient immediately placed in frightening situation, forces them to learn that stimulus is not harmful and anxiety will ease

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Cognitive characteristics of depression

Poor concentration, dwelling on the negative, absolutist thinking

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Emotional characteristics of depression

Lowered mood, anger, lowered self esteem

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Behavioural characteristics of depression

Altered activity levels, sleep/eating disorders, aggression/self harm

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Becks cognitive explanation for depression

Faulty information processing, negative self schemas and the negative triad

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What is faulty information processing?

Cognitive distortions such as disregarding the positive, focusing on thr negative and absolutist thinking

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What is a negative self schema?

Interpreting all information about ourself in a negative way

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What is the negative triad?

Having a negative view of yourself, the world and the future

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What is Ellis’ cognitive explanation for depression?

It’s a result of irrational beliefs and thoughts following an event that interferes with us from being happy

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Ellis’ ABCDE model

Activating event

Beliefs (irrational such as utopionism)

Consequences- emotions and behaviours

Dispute beliefs

Effect - depression cured

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How can we prove that faulty information processing is a cause of depression?

Cohens study tracking development of 437 adolescents found that frequent cognitive distortions predicted later depression

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Strengths of cognitive explanations for depression

Cohens development report

CBT is 80% effective

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Limitations of cognitive explanations for depression

Correlations dosn’t establish causation

Drug therapies can be just as effective as CBT

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Different versions of CBT

Becks’ identifies negative thoughts and challenges them with evidence against it. Ellis’ changes the irrational beliefs to rational ones, easing symptoms

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What is behavioral activation?

Encouraging CBT patients to do positive behaviours such as exercising and socialising with positive reinforcement

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Neural explanation for depression

Low serotonin is a neural correlate of depression

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Biological treatment of depression

SSRIs - selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors, increasing serotonin bindings in synaptic transmission, improving mood

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Findings of March et al. study on 327 depressed adolescents

CBT and SSRIs resulted in 81% reporting significant improvements in 36 weeks, 86% if both used

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what is ocd?

an anxiety disorder that involves repetitive obsessions and / or compulsions

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cognitive characteristics of ocd

obsessive thoughts and insight

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emotional characteristics of ocd

anxiety, distress, depression, guilt and disgust

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behavioural characteristics of ocd

repetitive compulsions that temporarily reduce anxiety, avoidance of triggering situations

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the cycle of ocd

obsessive thoughts → anxiety → compulsion → temporary relief (repeat)

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2 Biological explanations for twin studies

Genes or neurons

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Genetic evidence for ocd

Lewis observed that 37% of his ocd patients’ parents also had it and 21% had siblings with it

Nestadt et al. found that 68% of MZ twins shared ocd compared to 31% for DZ

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What factor challenges twin studies?

MZ twins are more likely to be parented very similarly making nurture a possible explanation for any results

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What are candidate genes?

Genes found to be more prevalent in people with mental disorders

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What does polygenic mean?

Multiple genes are involved in a disorder

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Neural explanation for ocd

Caused by abnormal levels of neurotransmitters, serotonin hypothesis

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Environmental evidence for ocd

Cromor found that over half of people with ocd experienced past trauma and that there is a positive correlation between severity if symptoms and severity of trauma

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What is the interactionist approach of ocd?

Both genes and the environment play a role in the development of ocd

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What is the diathesis stress model?

Biological venerability and and environmental trigger is needed for a mental disorder to develop