AP HUG Unit 7: Industrial & Economic Development Patterns & Processes

chapters 12-14 Fouberg Book

cottage industries

production of goods in a home or small workshop, typically by hand or with low technology

In the 1700s, whose textile industries were considered the best in the world?

India's

How did the transition from cottage industries to the Industrial Revolution happen?

as Europeans ought to generate greater profit by producing larger quantities of goods in high demand

economies of scale

increasing the quantity of goods produced to decrease the average cost of production for each item

What could European manufacturing operations not do?

match the price or quality of those in other places

What did wealth brought into the Netherlands & England through trade fund?

technological innovations in manufacturing that enabled European factories to produce more products at lower prices

To power cotton spinning machines more efficiently, Europe took advantage of what?

rivers

What occurred during the Pre-Industrial Revolution in Iron Working?

• enabled iron to be used

• England 1709 → found a way to smelt iron

• allowed for construction to be easier and more efficient

What did steam engines make it possible to do?

• reach deeper coal seams

• spinning wheels to spin faster in textile industries

• new modes of transport

In 1830, the first commercial railroad connected…

Manchester & Liverpool

What did railroads make it possible to do?

move large quantities of products faster over land

How did the British drive the Industrial Revolution?

with perfected coal smelting, cast iron, the steam engine, & steam locomotive

In the early Industrial Revolution, what did sites need?

be close to resources & connected to ports by water

What was the most important part in Europe?

Rotterdam

What sped up Industrialization?

railroads

first mover advantage

Western Europe’s early industrialization gave it an enormous economic head start

What has globalization helped us understand?

that many human geographic developments, including local & popular cultures, identities, language loss, colonial, political disputes, & of development

globalization

includes the processes that are increasing interactions, deepening relationships, & heightening interdependence across country borders

Globalization could not have happened without…

improvements in transportation & communication technologies

What did globalization improve?

sailing ships & navigation methods helped establish global trade routes & 1st wave of colonialism

What inventions quickened global trade & created the context for the 2nd wave of colonialism?

of the steamship, diffusion of railroads, & diffusion of the telegraphy

Fordist

manufacturing system in which raw materials are brought into a central location & component parts & the final product are produced at the same location & then shipped globally

Fordist gave rise to what?

to political-economic & financial arrangements that supported mass production by corporations

Countries who signed a series of agreements made at a 1944 conference in Bretton Woods agreed to…

to change the value of their currency to the US dollar

A series of agreements made at a1944 conference in Bretton Woods created what in WWII?

stability in international exchange that was needed to encourage the mass production of goods on a global scale

What was Henry Ford’s goal?

to mass-produce goods at a price point where his workers could afford to purchase them

vertical integration

the merging of lousiness that serve different steps in one commodity chain

Following the Fordist example, industries moved toward sites with what?

available labor, resources, developed infrastructure, & proximity to consumers

What did Alfred Marshalls location theory argue?

that similar industries tend to cluster in an area

agglomeration

cost advantages created when similar businesses cluster in the same location

What could clustered industries attract?

workers with industry-specific skills, share information, & attract support services specific to the industry

least-cost theory

focuses on a factory owner’s desire to minimize 3 categories of cost

Transportation category of cost

It is least expensive to bring raw materials to the point of production & to distribute finished products where _____ costs are lowest

friction of distance

the increase in time & cost that comes with increased distance over which commodities must travel

Labor category of cost

Higher ____ costs tend to reduce the margin of profit, so a factory farther away from raw materials & markets can do better if cheap ____ compensates for the added transportation

Agglomeration (localization) category of cost

when many companies that produce the same or similar goods cluster in one area, they can share talents, services, & facilities

intermodal connections

places where 2 or more modes of transportation meet in order to ease the flow of goods & reduce the costs of transportation

Post-Fordist Model:

production processes are driven by customer demand, & the components of goods are made in different places around the globe & then brought together for assembly

flexible production

method pf manufacturing designed to adapt quickly to changes in demand, labor, & resources

capitalism

economic system where people, corporation, & states produce goods & services & trade them on the world market with the global of making a profit

global division of labor

refers to the late 20th century tendency for production facilities to be concentrated in the global economic periphery & semi periphery to take advantage of lower labor costs

Weber’s location theory no long works to explain what?

the spatial organization of industrial production

What can regulations do?

• make the cost of production higher

• boost the company’s profit

• attract businesses

How do governments seek to recruit manufacturers?

through incentives like tax breaks and subsides

Why do countries have a secure energy supply?

to ensure that the state’s industrial potential is not threatened

Opponents of offshore drilling point out what?

the risks of oil spilling which causes dangerous environmental impacts

Opponents for fracking say…

it causes air & water pollution & can trigger earthquakes

What has the growing use of renewable alternative energy sources represent?

another recent energy, related development that has facilitated the spatial diffusion of manufacturing

What has revolutionized the industrial production of many goods

mechanization

primary economic sector

extracting raw materials and agricultural goods

Examples of the primary economic sector

farming, mining, fishing, & forestry

secondary economic sector

turning raw materials into more valuable, manufactured items

Examples of the Secondary economic sector

jobs in factories

teritary economic sector

involve people providing services to others

Examples of the tertiary economic sector

nurse taxi driver, and teacher

quaternary economic sector

involve services but require more education & expertise than tertiary jobs

Examples of the quaternary economic sector

information technology, stockbrokers, & banks

quinary economic sector

includes government officials, top executives at large corporations, & research scientists

Who are the four tigers of East & Southeast Asia

1. South Korea

2. Taiwan

3. Hong Kong

4. Singapore

The four Tigers of East and Southeast Asia benefited from the global economy → 1) labor reason

intensive industries shifted to areas of with lower labor costs

The four Tigers of East and Southeast Asia benefited from the global economy → 2)

governments made efforts to protect developing industry

The four Tigers of East and Southeast Asia benefited from the global economy → 3)

governments invested in education & training

When the four Tigers of East and Southeast Asia benefited from benefits, they emerged as...

newly industrializing countries

What do service industries produce?

ideas, innovations, & assistance to businesses & individuals

The key resources necessary to allow the core industrial regions to retain their dominance:

• availability of capital

• access to technology & infrastructure

• innovative production strategies

high-tech corridor

an area designated by the local or state government to benefit from lower taxes & high-tech infrastructure

What is the worlds largest service-sector industry?

tourism

natural hazards

naturally occurring physical phenomena that produce change

For natural hazards, how much damage done depends on what?

its proximity to people, property, & the magnitude of the tectonic activity

natural disaster

a naturally occurring physical phenomenon that causes damage & loss of life

tsunamis

seismic sea waves that result from underwater earthquakes or volcanoes

During a tsunami, low income countries are susceptible to what?

loss of life

During a tsunami, high income countries are susceptible to what?

monetary damage

floodplains

flat areas adjacent to river channels that are designed to flood

When do flash floods happen?

when excessive rain or meltwater from snow overflows rivers, fill dry riverbeds, & causes a rapid rise in water levels

impervious surfaces

include concrete & asphalt surfaces & buildings that prevent rain dumped by large storms

monsoon

a prevailing wind coming from one direction for a long period of time

Why are monsoons welcomed?

they regenerate rivers & flood rice fields

obvious signs of environmental stress

• cutting trees

• emitting pollutants into the atmosphere

Less obvious signs of environmental stress

• mining mountain tops

• burring toxic waste

• dumping vast amounts of garbage

What is the name of the new geologic epoch scientists report we have entered?

Anthropocene

Anthropocene

time period when humans are the dominate influence on climate & environment

land use

refers to the ways people use land resources for specific purposes

land cover

refers to what is on the ground (grasses, trees)

What increases hurricane precipitation?

higher temps & more energy in the atmosphere causes the rates of evaporation to increase

How do people cope with water stress?

by moving

ecological footprint

the impact a person or country has on the environment

How is an ecological footprint measured?

by how much land is required to sustain the person’s or country’s use of natural resources & to dispose of the waste product

What are the 3 pillars or goals of sustainable development?

1. social

2. economic

3. environmental

political ecology

an approach to studying human-environment interactions in the context of political, economic, & historical conditions operating at multiple scales

What does political ecology work to understand?

whether the global assumptions we have about environment issues play out at the local scale how people in a local place negotiate experiences & understanding at different scales to make environment decisions

Low to middle income waste is…

organic → made up of food & green materials

High income countries waste is more…

nonorganic → plastics

Waste disposal rates are higher in ____ areas than ____ areas

urban

rural

What was the Basel Convection (1989) was designed to do what?

to regulate the toxicity of waste close to the site of waste production

imagined community

a socially constructed identity that is imagined because the people in the group will never meet each other & simply believe they have a similarity & shared connection

globalization

a ‘chaotic’ set of processes & outcomes created by people

Who helps create globalization?

corporate ceos, university administrators, bloggers, electrical engineers, & protesters at a trade meeting

People who are pro-globalization argue that…

free trade raises the well-being of all countries by inducing them to specialize their resources in those goods they produce relatively most efficiently in order to lower production costs

People who are anti-globalization argue that…

it has made people & places more economically vulnerable, undermining the ability of countries to control what happens within their territories & undermining traditional national/cultural norms