n/m Matter in our Surroundings- chemistry

Matter

What everything in the universe is made up of, it occupies space, has mass and volume and can be felt by senses

Five basic elements - "Panch Tatva"

Air, Earth, Fire, Sky, and Water

The schools of thought about matter

1) Matter is continuous like a block of wood

2) Matter is made up of particles like sand

Particles

What the matter is made up of

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

1)Made of tiny particles

2)Vacnt space between particles

3)Particles are in continuous motion

4)Particles are held tightly together by forces of attraction

Kinetic Energy

Possessed by particles of matter, hence they are continuously moving, upon increasing the temperature, the energy of the particles increases

Diffusion

Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own, on heating diffusion becomes faster

States of Matter

1) Solid

2) Liquid

3) Gas

These states of matter arise due to the variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter, which is based upon particle arrangement, energy of particles, and distance between particles

Solid

Have a definite shape, have distinct boundaries, fixed volumes and negligible compressibility.

Solids have a tendency to maintain their shape when subjected to outside force.Solids may break under force but it is difficult to change their shape, so they are rigid.

Liquid

Liquids have no fixed shape but take up the shape of the container in which they are kept, so they are not rigid but can be called fluid. The rate of diffusion of liquids is higher than that of solids. This is due to fact that in the liquid state, particles move freely and have greater space between each other as compared that to solids.

Gas

Gas has no fixed volume or any fixed shape, they are highly compressible, the distance between the particles of gas is the highest, due t this gasses diffuse into other gasses very fast, and the particles of gas move about randomly at high speed.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid melts to become liquid at atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. The melting point of a solid indicates the strength of force of attraction between its particles.

Latent Heat

The heat that gets used up in changing the state by overcoming the forces of attraction. This heat gets hidden into the contents of the beaker

Latent heat of fusion

The amount of heat that is required to change 1 kg of a solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure at its melting point

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling at atmospheric pressure

Sublimation

A change of state directly from solid to gas or vice versa

Liquefied Gases

Applying pressure and reducing the temperature can liquefy gasses

Determination of States of Matter

Pressure and temperature determine the state of a substance, whether it be solid, liquid or gas.

Evaporation

The phenomenon of change of a liquid into vapours at any temperature below its boiling point

Increase of Evaporation

1) An increase of surface area

2) An increase of temperature

3) A decrease in humidity

4) An increase in wind speed