Chapter 23: The Great Depression

Black workers

________ were generally the last hired when businesses expanded production and the first fired when businesses experienced downturns.

California

In the winter of 1935- 1936, ________, Florida, and Colorado established "border blockades "to block poor migrants from their states and reduce competition with local residents for jobs.

court packing scheme

The ________ damaged the Roosevelt administration and emboldened New Deal opponents.

Washington

In the summer of 1932, more than fifteen thousand unemployed veterans and their families converged on ________, D.C. to petition for a bill authorizing immediate payment of cash bonuses to veterans of World War I that were originally scheduled to be paid out in 1945.

National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

The ________ suspended antitrust laws to allow businesses to establish "codes" that would coordinate prices, regulate production levels, and establish conditions of employment to curtail competition

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

The ________ aimed to raise the prices of agricultural commodities by offering cash incentives to voluntarily limit farm production (decreasing supply, thereby raising prices)

Roosevelt

________ rededicated himself to bold programs and more aggressive approaches, a set of legislation often termed the Second New Deal.

NRA

The ________ encouraged higher wages and better conditions.

Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

The ________ provided direct cash assistance to state relief agencies struggling to care for the unemployed

Civilian Conservation Corps

The ________ (CCC) employed young men on conservation and reforestation projects.

National Labor Relations Act

In 1935 the ________, also known as the Wagner Act, guaranteed the rights of most workers to unionize and bargain collectively

Glass Steagall Banking Act

Congress passed the ________, which instituted a federal deposit insurance system through the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and barred the mixing of commercial and investment banking

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

The ________ built a series of hydroelectric dams along the Tennessee River as part of a program to economically develop a chronically depressed region.

Senator Huey Long

________, a flamboyant Democrat from Louisiana, was perhaps the most important "voice of protest.

New Deal

The "________ " was shorthand for Roosevelt's program to address the Great Depression.

Great Depression

The ________ was the confluence of many problems, most of which had begun during a time of unprecedented economic growth.

Roosevelt

________ declared a national "bank holiday "closing American banks and set to work pushing the Emergency Banking Act swiftly through Congress.

Hoover

________ entered office on a wave of popular support, but by October 1929 the economic collapse had overwhelmed his presidency.

Roosevelt

________ proposed jobs programs, public work projects, higher wages, shorter hours, old- age pensions, unemployment insurance, farm subsidies, banking regulations, and lower tariffs.

Middle

and working-class Americans might rely on disappearing credit at neighborhood stores, default on utility bills, or skip meals

The heart of Roosevelts early recovery program consisted of two massive efforts to stabilize and coordinate the American economy

the Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) and the National Recovery Administration (NRA)

On May 27, a day Roosevelts supporters called Black Monday, the justices struck down one of the presidents signature reforms

the Court unanimously declared the NRA unconstitutional

Believing the United States had turned a corner, Roosevelt cut spending in 1937 and the American economy plunged nearly to the depths of 1932

1933

Civil War Administration (CWA) and the Works Progress Administration (WPA)

The ________________________ and __________________________ put unemployed men and women to work on projects designed and proposed by local governments

Fair Labor Standards Act

The _______________ set a national minimum wage of $0.25/hour

National Labor Relations Act

The ____________________ offered federal legal protection for workers to organize unions

Social Security Act

The ________________ provided the elderly and dependent children with pensions, unemployment insurance, and economic aid

President's Organization for Unemployment Relief (POUR)

The __________________________________ was supposed to organize the efforts of private agencies during the Great Depression but was overwhelmed

Associationism 

______________________ assumed Americans could maintain a web of voluntary cooperative organizations dedicated to providing economic assistance and services to those in need

People from Oklahoma (called Okies)

What was the most visible group moving during the Great Depression?

Border blockades

______________________ were meant to block poor migrants from their states and reduce competition with local residents for jobs