Studied by 2 people
What was the Manifest Destiny?
The early 19th century idea that the US was destined to expand across North America seen as a mission to spread democracy and capitalism across the continent starting in the 1840’s and leading westward expansion
What was Benevolent Empire ?
A network of Protestant reform in the early 19th century in the US groups addressing social issues and moral reform driven by their belief they could improve the society through religious and moral actions focuses on abolition of slavery, temperance, and education helping to shape American society in the 19th century
What did reform cover, in the 1800s? Why did the South shun it?
Reform aimed at many social issues like the alcohol consumption movement, educational reform, abolition of slavery, women’s rights, etc, all with the main goal of improving society to have morals and fairness. The south shunned it mostly the abolition movement because they depended on slavery and had a resistance to change their ‘traditional values’
What issues divided Jacksonian Democrats from Whigs?
They were divided on many issues in the early 19th century Democrats supported a limited federal bank whilst the Whigs favored supported a strong federal government. Democrats advocated for states rights and a limited federal govt, Whigs supported a stronger federal govt that would help with economic development. Democrats were more conservative on social issues and Whigs were more associated with moral reform movements in the Benevolent Empire. Democrats supported westward expansion and removal of the native Americans and Whigs wee likely to oppose these policies
How did the market economy come into being?
Came into being in the early 19th century driven by Eli Whitney creating the cotton gin in 1793 changing the production in agriculture. With the building of transportation systems like roads, canals(Erie canal in 1825 connecting the Hudson River to Lake Erie making the Midwest more accessible ), and rail roads, steamboats by Robert Fulton in 1807 ‘clearmont’. Industries grew and people expanded to live in new places to benefit their businesses
Was slavery an economic or paternalist relationship?
Economic- Slavery was about labor + economic gain
Paternalist- slaveholders claimed to ‘take care’ of their slaves using to defend the economic relationship of slavery
*(^i think this is supposed to be opinion related, this is mine)
Was the west a totally new economy?
Yes they offered new forms of agriculture and new soil making new farms. Many found natural resources through mining and Expansion of railroads allowed more people to go westward.
Stephen A Douglass
Influential American politician, presidential nominee in the mid 19 century known for debates over slavery, authorized the Kansas-Nebraska act in 1854 allowing the settlers to choose if the state would be a free or slave one had efforts to balance the north and the south policies unfortunately led to more tensions over slavery
James Buchanan
15th president nomination from Democratic Party from KY known for not having leadership traits during the beginning of the civil war
Doughfaces
Northern democrats term used in 1850’s, were seen as pliable or easily influenced by southern politics
Colonization movement
Efforts to relocate free African Americans founding of American Colonization Society (ACS) in 1816
XYZ Affair
United States and France in 1797-1798 American agents were approached by 3 French men X,Y, and Z and they demanded bribes before they would negotiate
William Lloyd Garrison
American abolitionist founded and published ‘The Liberator’ and anti-slavery newspaper that started in 1831 big advocate for fast freedom of slaves
Winfield Scott
General of American army participated in war of 1812, the Mexican-American war, and the civil war was an advocate for the Whig party
Missouri Compromise
Agreement passed in 1820 to keep the balance between slave and free states in America, Started with Henry Clay allowing Missouri to enter the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state
Miller’s Millennium
Religious movement in the early 19th century predicting the second coming of Christ and would happen between MArch 21st 1843- March 21 1844 known as millerism happened in northeastern US
Gettysburg
Significant battle taking place July 1 - July 3rd 1863 in Gettysburg Pennsylvania between the Union army under general George M Meade and the confederate army of Virginia by general robert e lee. Union had victory
Emancipation Proclamation
Executive order by Abraham Lincoln during the civil war issued January 1st 1863 declaring that all slaves in confederate states would be set free changing the war and it didn’t immediately abolish slavery was simply a big stepping stone
Compromise of 1850
Legislative measures trying to resolve issues between free and slave states California was a free state territories of New Mexico and Utah was to have a vote whether to enter as free or slave. They decided to stop slave trade but keep their slaves adding the fugitive slave law
Nullification
States have the right to invalidate any law that deemed unconstitutional. SC declared declared federal tariffs as null and void within its borders
40 or fight!
Slogan in the mid 19th century northern boundaries of oregan territory at latitude 54 degrees, 40 minutes, declaring that US should fully claim Oregon as it was shared with Great Britain
Embargo
Embargo act passed by congress signed by Jefferson in 1807 in response to Britain and French preventing American ships from trading in all foreign ports to remain neutral in forcing both countries to respect that
Contrabands
Used during the Civil war to describe escaped enslaved people who wanted to refuge behind union lines originating in 1861 these slaves were considered ‘contraband of war’ and wouldn’t be returned to their confederate owners
American System
Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay during the 1820’s aiming to strengthen and unity the national economy including establishment of tariffs, a national bank, development of transportation
James Madison
Fourth president and US founding father promoting constitution and the bill of rights co-author of the federalist papers with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. Led the nation through war of 1812 against Great Britain
Henry Clay
US senator for KY crafted the American system and the Missouri compromise and compromise of 1850
14th Amendment
July 9 1868 granting citizenship to those born or naturalized in the united states giving former slaves citizenship
15th Amendment
Prohibits discriminating against voters, therefore giving black men the right to vote
GAR
Grand Army of the Republic founded April 6 1866 influential veterans organization
Black Codes
Passed by Southern states after the civil war in 1865 an 1866 restricts the freedom of African Americans and ensures their availability as a cheap labor force after slavery was abolished way for southern states to keep an order similar to slavery the 14th amendment counter-acted this
Credit Mobilier
Scandal in politics during the 1870s involving Union Pacific Railroad and the Credit Mobilier of American construction company came to light in 1872 reveling that the company had used its position to inflate construction times and steal off large profits and used them to bribe influential congressmen and govt officials to secure what they wanted to see in the govt
‘Bloody Shirt’
Waving the bloody shirt reflecting to political strategy used by republicans post civil war reminding voters of sacrifices made by union soldiers accusing democrats of being unloyal to the union used in 1868 invokes memory of the war
John C Calhoun
From SC a us senator and vice president a leading advocate for states rights and nullification
Horace Mann
Advocate for public education and that is was essential for a democratic society and worked to establish this system of free non sectarian public schools
Daniel Webster
Key figure in the compromise of 1850 a mining to ease the north and south and served as secretary of state
Andrew Jackson
7th president fought in the war of 1812 associated with the Jacksonian democracy promoting greater democracy for the regular man, implemented the Indian removal act and lead to the trail of tears passed on June 8 1845
Trail of Tears
The forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral homelands in the southeastern United States to designated Indian territory west of Mississippi River following the Indian removal act of 1830 thousands of native Americans died and suffered making their way to different lands
Whigs
A political party emerging in the 1830’s forming in opposition to president Andrew Jackson and the Democratic party. Key figures are Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison. Whigs supported supremacy of congress over the presidency and favored modernization dissolving around the 1850’s due to the rise of Republicans.
Alexander Hamilton
A founding father and the first secretary of the treasury under George Washington from 1789-1795 established the the national financial system also co author of the federalists papers
Fugitive Slave Law
Laws provided to slave owners to return their escaped slaves first law was passed in 1793 the Fugitive slave act of 1850 apart of the compromise of 1850 requiring that slaves even if found in free states must be returned to their owners down south
Dread Scott Case
Dred Scott v Sandford. Dred Scott was an enslaved African American who sued for his freedom since Dred Scott lived in free territories with his owner that had made him a free man Chief Justice Rodger B Taney ruled against Scott saying black people wether enslaved or free couldn’t be American citizens show he had no stance in the court. This decision also declared the Missouri compromise as unconstitutional spreading slavery
Cyrus McCormick
Inventor creating the mechanical reaper increasing efficiency of harvesting crops invented in 1831 contributing to the development of the market economy
Dorothea Dix
Activist who advocated for the mentally ill starting in the 1840’s establishing many mental hospitals
Monroe Doctrine
Policy made by James Monroe declaring that western hemisphere was off to further European colonization that any attempt of European powers to control nations in the Americans would be viewed as acts of aggression. Asserting American influence
John Brown
American abolitionist advocating for use of armed insurrection to overthrow slavery in the united states
Exploding Drunks
Urban Legend saying that heavily intoxacted people could combust from drinking too much alcohol
3/5 Compromise
Solution to the debate of how enslaved people would be counted when determining the states total population for legislative representation and taxation purposes
Samuel Gridley Howe
American physician and abolitionist improving the ways that deaf and blind people gained education advancing the field of special education improving the lives of many disabled people
Minie Ball
A rifle bullet invented in the 1840’s by Claude Minie designed to be used with rifled muskets having a hallow base that expanded when fired and could shoot someone up to 1-2 miles away
Whiskey Rebellion
1791-1794 a response of Alexander Hamiltons plan to centralize the govt finical system a tax on whiskey was imposed by the govt, farmers and distillers protested and George Washington sent militia forces to settle the rebellion
Jay Treaty
Agreement between US and Great Britain to resolve issues from the revolutionary war addressing the issue of British troops on American soil stabilizing the relations between 2 countries
Louisiana Purchase
Land that the United States gained from France led by Thomas Jefferson this greatly impacted nations growth and expansion
Zachery Taylor
12th president of the United States wanted to expand slavery in the new territories that were acquired from the Mexican American war
Market Economy
Started to develop greatly in the 19th century increased industrialization and growth of a national market. Driven by multiple things like the Erie Canal, expansions of railroads and improvement in communication across the nation. Market helped encourage economic growth
Erie Canal
Canal built 1817-1825 going from the Hudson River to Lake Erie making it easier tov travel and helped the development of the market economy encouraged economic growth
Bill Of Rights
First ten amendments to the constitution introduced by James Madison and ratified December 15 1791 made to ensure protection of individual liberties and address concerns raised by anti federalists during the ratification of the constitution
Bladensburg Races
Battle of Bladensburg during the war of 1812 taking place in 1814 British troops defeated American militia and regulars, American forces were poorly organized and quickly retreated allowing British to burn down several public building in Washington DC the White House+ capitol
Celia, a slave
A young African American woman was in a legal case in Missouri in 1855. Celia was enslaved by Robert Newsom who kept sexually assaulting her in June of 1855 Celia killed Robert Newsom and tried to dispose of his body she was soon arrested and put on trial her argument of self defense the all white jury had convicted her of murder and she was sentenced to death and hanged on December 21, 1855
Harrison Land Act
Named after William Henry Harrison passed in 1800 the law aimed to make it easier to purchase land in the northwest territory and making it easier for ordinary settlers to assesses land promoting westward expansion
Safety Valve Theory
Concept that the availability of free land in the west acted as a safety valve for economic distress in the east. Theory posited that when urban workers faced unemployment or low wages they could move westward to take up farming or other opportunities relieving social + economic pressures
Cane Ridge
Religious gathering in Cane Ridge, Kentucky apart of the second great awakening and spread evangelical Christianity starting in August 1801 lead by Minister Barton W Stone
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Passed by congress on may 30, 1854 introduced by Stephen A Douglass creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska and allowed settlers in those states to determine through popular sovereignty if they would be a slave or free state
13th Amendment
Change in the constitution that abolished slavery and involuntary servitude ending slavery passed January 31, 1865
Tecumseh
Shawnee chief worked to unite tribes to resist the relocation of Native American tribes, he fought in the war of 1812 and later passed away in the battle of Thames October 5 1813
Eli Whitney
Inventor of the cotton gin and interchangeable parts he greatly changed the cotton and industrialization in the southern states
Horace Greeley
Declared that those should be allowed a bail, he fought for Jefferson to be able to have it and raised ,only across states for his bail
Abolitionists
Individuals and groups who advocated for an immediate end to slavery abolitionist movement started early 19th century had popularity in the northern states not so much in the south. Fredrick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, William Lloyd Garrison, Charles Sumner lead to the adoption of the 13th amendment abolishing slavery in 1865
Interchangeable Parts
A revolutionary manufacturing concept that allowed for that mass production of identical components that could be easily assembled and replaced improving efficiency and reducing costs in manufacturing played a large role in the Industrial Revolution. Introduced by Eli Whitney in 1801!!!
Limited Liability
A legal concept protecting individual investors personal assets from being used to satisfy the debts and liabilities of a business adopted in the 19th century allowing shareholders to be responsible only for the amount that they have invested in the company and not for its overall debts. Limited Liability Company’s (LLC’s)
William Tecumseh Sherman
Union General during the civil war marching his army from Atlanta to Savannah Gregoria known for his march to the sea allowing the north to have a head in the war without killing southern people
Benevolent Empire
Network of Protestant reform societies in the early 19th century aiming to address social issues and promote moral reform through education and religion outreach movement started in 1820 and 30s in northeastern states
Ulysses S Grant
President 1869-1877 serving as the Union army general during the civil way and leading the union army to victory
Robert E Lee
Confederate of northern Virginia leader during the Civil War surrendered in 1865 in the battle of Gettysburg July 3rd He ACTUALLY started off in the union but decided to fight with his home state
Anaconda
The anaconda plan was a military strategy proposed by General Winfield Scott during the early Civil war in 1861 aiming to defect the confederate by blocking southern ports and gaining control of the Mississippi River cutting off the south from internal supports. The name comes from the idea of constricting the confederacy like a anaconda snake does its prey
Paternalists Myth
Slaveholders were seen as benevolent guardians providing care and protection for their enslaved workers who were seen as unable to take care of themselves myth used to justify slavery by suggesting it was ‘humane and an acceptable system’
Charles Sumner
Senator from Massachusetts leading abolitionist for the Republican Party on May 22, 1856 Sumner was attacked on the senate floor by representative Preston Brooks of SC after sumner proposed a speech criticizing slave holders. “Caning of Charles Sumner”
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Flashcard (44)