AP US History Period 4: 1800 - 1848 The Meaning of Democracy in an Era of Economic and Territorial Expansion

Frederick Douglass

________ was critical of colonization, and saw it as accommodating slavery instead of ending it Growing Tensions over Slavery.

Caroline incident

The ________ was where British authorities burned an American vessel on the border of Minnesota and Canada which was being used by anti- British Canadian rebels to transport supplies.

Dorothea Dix

________ advocated for the rights of the mentally ill, and created the first mental asylums in the US.

George Fitshugh

________ was critical of the free labor ideology, the idea that workers of the north could earn money to buy land and become independent of others, and said that it masked a heartless approach to the world.

Ohio River

In the early 1800s, white settlers were pouring into the ________ and it was never clear if the Indians who made agreements with whites did so with the authority of their people.

labor union

A(n) ________ allowed workers in a firm to bargain "collectively "with their employer.

Andrew Jackson

A peace treaty was signed in 1814, but without realizing it, ________ achieved a major victory at New Orleans in 1815.

Thoreau

________ wrote about the importance of nature in finding meaning and wrote "Civil Disobedience, "urging people not to acquiesce to unfair and unjust government dictates.

Horace Mann

________, the secretary of the education, led a movement for free public education, which was seen as essential to democratic participation Debating the Future of Slavery in America.

USS Chesapeake

In 1807, British warship Leopard fired on the ________, where 4 Americans were abducted and 3 were killed-"Peaceful Coercion "and Free Trade.

Chief Justice John Marshall

________ issued a series of decisions that extended the power of the federal government over state laws, as well as establishing that the Supreme Court was the final say in interpreting the Constitution.

cult of domesticity

The ________ insisted that women keep a proper Christian home in a separate sphere from men.

Mott

________ and Stanton were abolitionists who were banned from the World Anti- Slavery Convention because of their gender, and started rethinking the conditions of women in the US.

Adams

________ tried to fill seats of judges during the last days of his presidency, but some were blocked by Jefferson.

Grimke sisters

The ________, daughters of prominent SC slave owner, were leaders in the abolitionist cause.

Webster

________ led conservative opposition to democratic reform in the Massachusetts Constitutional Convention of 1820- 21 arguing that power naturally and necessarily follows property.

potato famine

The ________ led to many Irish immigrants to the US.

Erie Canal

The ________ connected the hudson to the Great Lakes, New York to the interior of the country, dropping shipping costs by 90 %.

construction of canals

The ________ and roads, called internal improvements, expanded trade, and were usually built by private entities with subsidies from the government.

1790s

The Federalists in the ________ promoted Hamiltons economic plans, and embraced a broader national agenda for industrialization.

1800s

It was the largest rebellion in the ________ and led to increased fear of slave rebellions and stricter slave laws The Cultures of African American Communities- Free and Slave.

Webster Ashburton Treaty

The ________ split the disputed territory between Maine and British Canada, and settled a disagreement over the border between Minnesota and Canada.

1819

Banking and credit were increasingly important, especially after the Panic of ________ which demonstrated the volatility of the new market economy.

1829

The first tracks were laid in ________ by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and by 1860, they connected the country.

public education

The push for ________ can be seen in both lights- a prerequisite for meaningful participation in the democratic process, but also an opportunity for learning to impose a rigid set of middle class Protestant values on a diverse working class.

pre Civil War

Water, human, and animal power characterized industry in the ________ era.

1833

The Whigs were formed in ________, and many supported government programs aimed at economic modernization, such as Clays American system.

Joseph Smith

________ founded Mormonism in the 1830s growing out of the Second Great Awakening.

Iroquois Confederacy

In the wake of the defeat of the ________, a Seneca named Handsome Lake developed a set of spiritual practices that was known as the Longhouse Religion- he spoke out against Indian factionalism, alcohol consumption, and offered many Indians a sense of hope in the face of setbacks An Age of Reform Reform Movements in the Antebellum Period.

Steam power

________ also replaced water wheels at factories.

Liberty Party

The ________ was founded in 1840 by abolitionists, and pushed the idea that the Constitution was against slavery and that the US should live up to its ideals, opposed to Garrison who condemned the Constitution as being pro- slavery.

Blackstone River

As early as the 1790s, Slater built the first factory in the US that spun cotton into yarn or thread, powered by the ________.

Moby Dick

________, Leaves of Grass, The Scarlet Letter, The House of Seven Gables, and Walden were hallmarks of American literature grappling with questions raised by the Puritans and focusing on the American democratic dream European Romanticism and American Culture.

intellectual movement

It was a spiritual and ________ critical of materialism in the US.

Richard Allen

________ in PA in 1816 founded the AME, reflecting the desire of the free black communities to have greater autonomy and tailor the sermons to the experiences of the black community.

Mill workers

________ in Lowell, MA organized as the Factory Girls Association staged two strikes, but had limited success by the Panic of 1837 and large scale Irish immigration.

Stanton

________ and Mott led a group of women in the Seneca Falls Convention to raise the issue of womens suffrage, and also the structure of gender inequality- property rights, education, wages, child custody, divorce, and overall legal status of women.

Jackson

________ and Buren pushed for Georgia to move Indians to the West despite Worcester v. Georgia, which declared that Indian tribes were subject to federal treaties, not to actions of states.

Morse

________ invented the first telegraph in 1844, and in 1850, telegraph lines were built around the country Improvements in Transportation and Regional Interdependence.

American Temperance Society

The ________, founded in 1826, was guided by Lyman Beechers Six Sermons on the Nature, Occasions, Signs, Evils, and Remedy of Intemperance.

Gibbons

________ v. Ogden (1824) invalidated a monopoly on ferry transportation between NY and NJ, asserting that only the USFG could regulate interstate trade.

McCulloch

________ v. Maryland (1819) prohibited Maryland from taxing the Second Bank of the United States.

New England

The War of 1812 was unpopular with ________ merchants who saw their trade with Britain disappear, and Federalists met in Hartford to express their displeasure, and ended in a resolution calling for a ⅔ Congress majority for declarations of war.

1830 40

It claimed 1.5 million members by 1835 and alcohol consumption in the US dropped by about half from ________.

Tripoli

In 1801, ________ demanded a steep increase in payment and Jefferson refused, leading to the First Barbary War- where in the end, ________ agreed to release hostages and stop raiding American ships for $ 60, 000.

White supremacy

________ took a strong hold in the South, more than in the North where, although there was ________, it lacked the intensity of the South without any black population in the North Westward Expansion and the Politics of Slavery.

Era of Good Feelings

The "________ "marked a time in the 1810s and 20s where only the Democratic- Republicans competed for votes, making it so that Monroe easily won the election of 1816.

Democratic Republicans

________, following Jefferson, sought to limit the power of the national government and reserve greater authority at the state level.

Waltham Lowell system

The ________ brought all stages of textile production under one roof by having employees live in company housing, and this system spread rapidly.

thresher

The ________ loosened the grain kernels from the inedible husk.

Election of 1800

Adams (Federalist) vs. Jefferson (Democratic-Republican)

Judicial Review

review of the constitutionality of an act or law

Internal improvements

better transportation and infrastructure

The cotton gin combined with the insatiable demand in the North and Britain for cotton led to 58% of American exports being cotton by 1860, and thereby the number of slaves as well Market Revolution

Society and Culture Migrations and New Communities in the Age of the Market Revolution

It provided hope of social mobility

ability to move up the social ladder

It bolstered the "free labor" ideology, that it was possible for wage earners to actually own land and become independent of others

led Northerners to see their society as superior to that of the South

A new culture surrounded the middle class

one where women were seen as the weaker sex, in a world outside the world of money and politics

French writer Tocqueville, upon visiting the US, wrote Democracy in America describing how democracy in the US meant more than voting, that there was a belief in equality, active participation in voluntary civic organization, and the belief that individual initiative and note birth determined ones success Jackson and Federal Power The Second Two-Party System

The Democrats and the Whigs

The Tariff Act of 1828 especially angered southern politicians in SC

led by Calhoun, and although Jackson signed a new act to lower tariffs, they were not satisfied

Jackson was alarmed at the flouting of federal authority and passed the Force Bill in 1833 which authorized military force against SC, and Congress revised tariff rates again, providing relief for SC

both helped alleviate the crisis

He vetoed the rechartering of the bank and killed it

a move that played well with his voters and he won reelection

Many whites wanted to push into the interior of the South, which were the traditional lands of the "Five Civilized Tribes"

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee-Creek, and Seminole

A movement of large camp meetings began in Kentucky and spread to other states

the growing towns along the Erie Canal came to be known as the burned over district because of the intensity of the religious revival

In the wake of the defeat of the Iroquois Confederacy, a Seneca named Handsome Lake developed a set of spiritual practices that was known as the Longhouse Religion

he spoke out against Indian factionalism, alcohol consumption, and offered many Indians a sense of hope in the face of setbacks An Age of Reform Reform Movements in the Antebellum Period

It attracted a large following for many reasons; many women were troubled by the large amount of alcohol consumed by their sons and husbands

not only did husbands come back to their house drunk, they also spent all their money on alcohol and abused their wives and children

It was the largest rebellion in the 1800s and led to increased fear of slave rebellions and stricter slave laws The Cultures of African American Communities

Free and Slave

A black who in 1829 issued a pamphlet called "David Walkers Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World" which called for blacks to resist slavery by any and every means

this pamphlet caused some southern legislatures to enact penalities against anyone caught reading it

Slaves developed subtle resistance tactics

passing on stories with the message that the weak often got the better of the strong and creating music to create relief from the work of slavery The Society of the South in the Early Republic Slavery and the Southern "Way of Life"

A large slave population had an impact on shaping southern culture

the language, food, music, and dialect

Expansion into Texas

From Settlement to Independence

General Santa Anna sought to bring them into Mexican law and custom, and in 1835, the Texans rebelled

many of whom were Spanish speaking Tejanos who objected to being ruled by Mexico City

In the latter 1800s, he was scoffed at by historians who came from elite New England

he seemed arrogant, ignorant, and authoritarian

Reform Movements

Democratic or Restrictive

The push for public education can be seen in both lights

a prerequisite for meaningful participation in the democratic process, but also an opportunity for learning to impose a rigid set of middle class Protestant values on a diverse working class