Microbio Exam 5

Medicinal Microbiology

what is the term for “making us sick”

pathogenesis

what are the 3 mechanisms of pathogenesis

ingestion of pre-formed toxins, toxin production in situ, and invasion of host tissues

an example of ingestion of pre-formed toxins is

food poisoning

what are two common food poisoning bacteria

clostridium botulinum and staphylococcus aureus

situ also means

in place

What are two types of toxin producer bacteria

vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli

toxin production bacteria cause food /water________

infections

salmonella is a food

infection

What are 3 bacteria that typically invade host tissues

mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella, and enteroinvasice E.coli e

entero means

gut

Where do you find Staph. aureus

mayo/ dairy

What are the 3 steps to establishing and infection (for bacteria)

adhereance, colonization, and invasion

what structures help with adhereance

adhesions and pili-fimbriae

bacteria adhere with a specific _____ and/or ______ tropism

species, tissue

bacteria adhere to things deeper than the

shedding surface

adhesions are _____ on _____ that bind receptors

proteins; pili

pilus turnover is _____ to change the ______ of the pilus

recombination; antigenicity

What are 4 mechanisms bacteria use to evade the host immune system?

pilus turnover, antigenic variation, IgA proteases, and FC receptors

bacteria can act on FC receptors by binding ____ and _______

FC receptors and turning them around

normal micorbiotia can prevent colonization by using up ____

nutrients

how do bacteria get iron

siderophores

what are 6 types of bacteria invasion

penetration of skin, penetration of mucosa, hiding within host cell, avoiding phagocytosis, surviving within the phagocyte, and avoiding antibodies

the skin is a______/ _______ boundary

physical/ chemical

what are the factors of severity of penetration of the skin by bacteria

where on body, did object interoduce foreign bodies, any internal complications

is skin or mucosa easier to penetrate for microbes?

mucosa

What microbes stimulate antigen sampling ?

Listeria and Shigella

penetration of mucosa involves macrophage ____ via ____ cells

transcytosis ; M cells

Shigella can causes macrophages to undergo ____ in________

apoptosis ; peyer’s patches

how do some bacteria move into adjacent cells

they polymerize actin

how do bacteria avoid pahgocytosis (3)

destroy complement proteins, destroy pahgocytes, and avoid recognition/ attachment

How do bacteria avoid recognition?

effect complement opsonization

what bacteria uses capsules to avoid attachment/ recognition

strep. pneumoniae

what bacteria use an M protein to avoid recognition/ attachment

strep. pyrogenes

M protein blocks ____ acitvation

c3

What is the risk of the humoral response to M proteins

rheumatic feaver (heart valve damage) due to antibodie corss reactions

What 2 things are used to prevent encounters with phagocytes

C5a peptidase and cytolytic toxins

What three things help avoid recognition and attachment

capsules, M protein, and Fc receptors

what are 3 ways bacteria can survive within phagocytes

escape from the phagosome, prevent phagosome lysosome fusion, and survive within the phagosome

What is the exotoxin on strep. pyrogenes (GAS) that destroys phagocytes

streptolysin O

Which bacteria escapes prior to lysosome formation?

Listeria

Salmonella can block ______ fusion

phago-lysosome

M.tuberculosis can induce uptake by ______ phagocytes to survive

non-activated

_______ can also block endosome-lysosome fusion and directly prevent ____ of vesicle

M.tuberculosis; acidification

which bacteria can disrupt anitbody binding

Staph. aureus

An Ig protease is a good

virulence factor

Which bacteria can avoid anitbodies by antigenic variation?

neisseria pili

Which bacteria mimic host strucutres to avoid antibodies and how?

Strep.pyrogenes by making a hylauronic acid capsule

why does the immune system respond to bacteria in hyaluronic acid capsules

it is a major extracellular carb and an important molecule in connective tissue (self structure)

What are the 3 types of exotoxins?

AB toxins, Membrane-damaging toxins, and superantigens

AB toxins are ___ subunits

2

The A toxin is ____ and the B toxin is for _____

enzymatic; binding

AB toxins work by ____ the host cell, the toxin is taken up by _____ and toxin subunits seperate allowing the ____ sununit to enter the cytoplasm

binding; endocytosis; A

What are 5 species that use AB toxins?

clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani, bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium diptheriae, and E.coli (O157:H7)

what are 3 species with membrane damaging toxins?

clostridium perfringens, staphylcoccus aureus, and streptococcus pyrogenes

superantigens interfere with ___ presentation

MHC II

superanitgens cause a ____ immune response

hyperactive

what are two bacteria genus that make superantigens

staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyrogenes

endotoxins do not make good ____

toxoids

what is an example of an endotoxin

LPS and lipid A

a massice release of endotoxins in the bnloodstream can cause

endotoxic shock

endotoxins are/ are not destroyed by autoclave

ARE NOT

endotoxins are ____ stable

heat

what species make endotoxins

gram negetive

systemic distribution of endotoxins can be

deadly

____ blood is blue due to ______

limulus; hemacyanin

hemacyanin uses ____ atoms to reversiby carry oxygen in place of hemoglobin which uses ___

Cu; Fe

what are 4 upper respiratory bacterial infections?

strep throat, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis , and rheumatic fever

what bacteria causes strep throat

streptococcus pyogenes

what is a major irulence factor of strep?

hemolysins

beta-hemolysis is when hemolysisns destroy ____ to get _____

RBCs; iron

Group A strep has a ____ designation of _____ carbohydrates

serological; wall

What are the 9 virulence factors of strep?

hemolysins, complement pepridase, HA capsule, M protein, adhereance facots, Fc receptor, superantigens, DNase, streptokinase

what is the superanitgen of strep

streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SpeA and B )

the superantigens of strep complex with ___ then interact with ___ and non-specifically activate ____

MHC II ; TCR; T cells

Strep antigens can activate T cells causing an innappropriate ____ response and causing massive ____ release

inflammatory; cytokine

DNase and streptokinase are _____ for strep

spreading factors

strepokinase is a ____ toxin

fibrinolytic

what is the term for a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease?

sequelae

What are 3 sequelae of Strep

scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and rheumatic fever

what was the original treatment for scarlet fever? and what is it now

antitoxin; penicillin

acute GMP is specific to ceratin serotypes of ___ and ____

M protein, exotoxin

acute GMP is triggered by _____ in _______

Agb complexes in glomerulus

acute GMP has a similar number of deaths per year to

influenza

what is the a risk of rhuematic fever

rhuematic heart disease

rhuematic fever is due to an untreated/ poorly treated ____ infection of Strep

primary

autoreactice ____ cause damage to heart vessels in rheumatic fever

anti-M protein immunoglobulin s

what is the treatment for Strep and all of its sequela?

throat swab, Ag swab rapid test, and penicillins

-*prevention and pounce on primary infection

what is the challenge to strep vaccines?

antigenic variety

What bacteria causes Diphtheria?

Corynebacterium diptheriae

What is the diptheria vaccine called?

DTaP

What are the combinations of in the diphtheria vaccine?

diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxin, and B.pertussis culture

diphtheria is an example of an ____ toxin

AB

diptheria creates a ____ in the larynx

pseudomembrane

The diphtheria toxin gene is actually a part of the genome of. a specific ____ which is integrated in the chromosome of some strains of ______

phage; C. diphtheria

What provides diphtheria with a survival advantage?

lysogenic conversion

What are ear infections technically called?

otis media

conjungtivitis can be caused by what bacterias

strep.pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staph. aureus

What can cause conjunctivitis in newborns?

chlamydia and N. gonorrhoeae

neonatal Gonnorrhea causes severe _____

corneal scarring

what are viral causes of conjunctivitis?

adenovirus and herpes simplex