Studied by 22 people
what is the term for “making us sick”
pathogenesis
what are the 3 mechanisms of pathogenesis
ingestion of pre-formed toxins, toxin production in situ, and invasion of host tissues
an example of ingestion of pre-formed toxins is
food poisoning
what are two common food poisoning bacteria
clostridium botulinum and staphylococcus aureus
situ also means
in place
What are two types of toxin producer bacteria
vibrio cholerae and escherichia coli
toxin production bacteria cause food /water________
infections
salmonella is a food
infection
What are 3 bacteria that typically invade host tissues
mycobacterium tuberculosis, salmonella, and enteroinvasice E.coli e
entero means
gut
Where do you find Staph. aureus
mayo/ dairy
What are the 3 steps to establishing and infection (for bacteria)
adhereance, colonization, and invasion
what structures help with adhereance
adhesions and pili-fimbriae
bacteria adhere with a specific _____ and/or ______ tropism
species, tissue
bacteria adhere to things deeper than the
shedding surface
adhesions are _____ on _____ that bind receptors
proteins; pili
pilus turnover is _____ to change the ______ of the pilus
recombination; antigenicity
What are 4 mechanisms bacteria use to evade the host immune system?
pilus turnover, antigenic variation, IgA proteases, and FC receptors
bacteria can act on FC receptors by binding ____ and _______
FC receptors and turning them around
normal micorbiotia can prevent colonization by using up ____
nutrients
how do bacteria get iron
siderophores
what are 6 types of bacteria invasion
penetration of skin, penetration of mucosa, hiding within host cell, avoiding phagocytosis, surviving within the phagocyte, and avoiding antibodies
the skin is a______/ _______ boundary
physical/ chemical
what are the factors of severity of penetration of the skin by bacteria
where on body, did object interoduce foreign bodies, any internal complications
is skin or mucosa easier to penetrate for microbes?
mucosa
What microbes stimulate antigen sampling ?
Listeria and Shigella
penetration of mucosa involves macrophage ____ via ____ cells
transcytosis ; M cells
Shigella can causes macrophages to undergo ____ in________
apoptosis ; peyer’s patches
how do some bacteria move into adjacent cells
they polymerize actin
how do bacteria avoid pahgocytosis (3)
destroy complement proteins, destroy pahgocytes, and avoid recognition/ attachment
How do bacteria avoid recognition?
effect complement opsonization
what bacteria uses capsules to avoid attachment/ recognition
strep. pneumoniae
what bacteria use an M protein to avoid recognition/ attachment
strep. pyrogenes
M protein blocks ____ acitvation
c3
What is the risk of the humoral response to M proteins
rheumatic feaver (heart valve damage) due to antibodie corss reactions
What 2 things are used to prevent encounters with phagocytes
C5a peptidase and cytolytic toxins
What three things help avoid recognition and attachment
capsules, M protein, and Fc receptors
what are 3 ways bacteria can survive within phagocytes
escape from the phagosome, prevent phagosome lysosome fusion, and survive within the phagosome
What is the exotoxin on strep. pyrogenes (GAS) that destroys phagocytes
streptolysin O
Which bacteria escapes prior to lysosome formation?
Listeria
Salmonella can block ______ fusion
phago-lysosome
M.tuberculosis can induce uptake by ______ phagocytes to survive
non-activated
_______ can also block endosome-lysosome fusion and directly prevent ____ of vesicle
M.tuberculosis; acidification
which bacteria can disrupt anitbody binding
Staph. aureus
An Ig protease is a good
virulence factor
Which bacteria can avoid anitbodies by antigenic variation?
neisseria pili
Which bacteria mimic host strucutres to avoid antibodies and how?
Strep.pyrogenes by making a hylauronic acid capsule
why does the immune system respond to bacteria in hyaluronic acid capsules
it is a major extracellular carb and an important molecule in connective tissue (self structure)
What are the 3 types of exotoxins?
AB toxins, Membrane-damaging toxins, and superantigens
AB toxins are ___ subunits
2
The A toxin is ____ and the B toxin is for _____
enzymatic; binding
AB toxins work by ____ the host cell, the toxin is taken up by _____ and toxin subunits seperate allowing the ____ sununit to enter the cytoplasm
binding; endocytosis; A
What are 5 species that use AB toxins?
clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani, bacillus anthracis, corynebacterium diptheriae, and E.coli (O157:H7)
what are 3 species with membrane damaging toxins?
clostridium perfringens, staphylcoccus aureus, and streptococcus pyrogenes
superantigens interfere with ___ presentation
MHC II
superanitgens cause a ____ immune response
hyperactive
what are two bacteria genus that make superantigens
staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pyrogenes
endotoxins do not make good ____
toxoids
what is an example of an endotoxin
LPS and lipid A
a massice release of endotoxins in the bnloodstream can cause
endotoxic shock
endotoxins are/ are not destroyed by autoclave
ARE NOT
endotoxins are ____ stable
heat
what species make endotoxins
gram negetive
systemic distribution of endotoxins can be
deadly
____ blood is blue due to ______
limulus; hemacyanin
hemacyanin uses ____ atoms to reversiby carry oxygen in place of hemoglobin which uses ___
Cu; Fe
what are 4 upper respiratory bacterial infections?
strep throat, scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis , and rheumatic fever
what bacteria causes strep throat
streptococcus pyogenes
what is a major irulence factor of strep?
hemolysins
beta-hemolysis is when hemolysisns destroy ____ to get _____
RBCs; iron
Group A strep has a ____ designation of _____ carbohydrates
serological; wall
What are the 9 virulence factors of strep?
hemolysins, complement pepridase, HA capsule, M protein, adhereance facots, Fc receptor, superantigens, DNase, streptokinase
what is the superanitgen of strep
streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SpeA and B )
the superantigens of strep complex with ___ then interact with ___ and non-specifically activate ____
MHC II ; TCR; T cells
Strep antigens can activate T cells causing an innappropriate ____ response and causing massive ____ release
inflammatory; cytokine
DNase and streptokinase are _____ for strep
spreading factors
strepokinase is a ____ toxin
fibrinolytic
what is the term for a condition which is the consequence of a previous disease?
sequelae
What are 3 sequelae of Strep
scarlet fever, acute glomerulonephritis, and rheumatic fever
what was the original treatment for scarlet fever? and what is it now
antitoxin; penicillin
acute GMP is specific to ceratin serotypes of ___ and ____
M protein, exotoxin
acute GMP is triggered by _____ in _______
acute GMP has a similar number of deaths per year to
influenza
what is the a risk of rhuematic fever
rhuematic heart disease
rhuematic fever is due to an untreated/ poorly treated ____ infection of Strep
primary
autoreactice ____ cause damage to heart vessels in rheumatic fever
anti-M protein immunoglobulin s
what is the treatment for Strep and all of its sequela?
throat swab, Ag swab rapid test, and penicillins
-*prevention and pounce on primary infection
what is the challenge to strep vaccines?
antigenic variety
What bacteria causes Diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diptheriae
What is the diptheria vaccine called?
DTaP
What are the combinations of in the diphtheria vaccine?
diphtheria toxoid, tetanus toxin, and B.pertussis culture
diphtheria is an example of an ____ toxin
AB
diptheria creates a ____ in the larynx
pseudomembrane
The diphtheria toxin gene is actually a part of the genome of. a specific ____ which is integrated in the chromosome of some strains of ______
phage; C. diphtheria
What provides diphtheria with a survival advantage?
lysogenic conversion
What are ear infections technically called?
otis media
conjungtivitis can be caused by what bacterias
strep.pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staph. aureus
What can cause conjunctivitis in newborns?
chlamydia and N. gonorrhoeae
neonatal Gonnorrhea causes severe _____
corneal scarring
what are viral causes of conjunctivitis?
adenovirus and herpes simplex
Note
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