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Exam 2 Study Guide (1)

Unit II Key Terms

Early Modern France

  • Divine Right of Kings

    • The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.

  • Henry of Navarre

    • First monarch of the House of Bourbon; known for his role in the French Wars of Religion. When Henry III Died, Henry Navarre took the throne by fighting his way through catholic troops.

  • Absolutism

    • A political doctrine where a single ruler holds absolute power. The goal was to control every aspect of society including religion

  • Estates General

    • A legislative assembly representing the three estates of the realm: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

  • Cardinal Richelieu

    • Chief minister to Louis XIII; strengthened the monarchy and centralized power. Two primary goals were to centralize power in France and oppose the Habsburg dynasty because he saw them as a political threat to the stability of France.

  • Louis XIII

    • King of France; his reign saw the consolidation of royal power.

  • Cardinal Mazarin

    • Successor to Richelieu; played a key role during the Fronde.

  • The Fronde

    • A series of civil wars in France during the early reign of Louis XIV.

  • Louis XIV

    • Known as the Sun King; the epitome of absolute monarchy and built the Palace of Versailles.

  • Versailles

    • The grand palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing royal power.

  • Jean-Baptiste Colbert

    • Minister of Finance under Louis XIV; promoted mercantilism.

  • Huguenots in France

    • French Protestants who faced persecution; significant in the context of religious wars.

  • War of Spanish Succession

    • A major European conflict over the succession to the Spanish throne.

  • League of Augsburg

    • A coalition formed against France during the War of the Spanish Succession.

Early Modern England

  • Magna Carta

    • A charter of rights agreed to by King John of England in 1215; foundational to constitutional law.

  • Second Barons’ War

    • A conflict between King Henry III and rebellious barons.

  • Parliament

    • The legislative body in England; evolved to represent the interests of the people.

  • Model Parliament

    • A parliament summoned by Edward I in 1295 that included commoners.

  • Sumptuary Laws

    • Regulations governing consumption and personal expenditure.

  • Puritans

    • A religious group seeking to purify the Church of England; influential in the English Civil War.

  • Constitutional Monarchy

    • A system of government where a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

  • James I

    • The first monarch of the Stuart dynasty; known for the King James Bible.

  • Charles I

    • His reign led to the English Civil War; executed for treason.

  • Petition of Rights

    • A constitutional document that limited the king's power.

  • Long Parliament

    • The English Parliament that lasted from 1640 until 1660; pivotal in the Civil War.

  • English Civil War

    • A conflict between Parliamentarians and Royalists; resulted in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy.

  • Oliver Cromwell

    • Leader of the Parliamentarian victory; ruled as Lord Protector.

  • England vs. France (Early Modern Monarchy)

    • A comparison of the political structures and conflicts between the two nations.

Scientific Revolution

  • Neoplatonism

    • A philosophical system that reinterprets Plato's ideas.

  • Hermetic Doctrine

    • A religious and philosophical system based on writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus.

  • Empirical Method

    • A method of knowledge acquisition based on observation and experimentation.

  • Geocentric model

    • The astronomical model where Earth is at the center of the universe.

  • Heliocentric model

    • The astronomical model proposed by Copernicus, placing the Sun at the center.

  • Copernicus

    • Astronomer who formulated the heliocentric theory.

  • Galileo Galilei

    • Key figure in the Scientific Revolution; known for his work in astronomy and physics.

  • Galileo and the Church

    • His conflict with the Catholic Church over heliocentrism.

  • Johannes Kepler

    • Known for his laws of planetary motion.

  • Isaac Newton

    • Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

  • Andreas Vesalius

    • Founder of modern human anatomy.

  • William Harvey

    • Discovered the circulation of blood.

  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek

    • Pioneered microscopy and discovered microorganisms.

  • Francis Bacon

    • Advocated for the scientific method and empirical research.

  • Rene Descartes

    • Philosopher known for Cartesian dualism; "I think, therefore I am."

  • Cartesian Dualism

    • The idea that mind and body are distinct entities.

The Enlightenment

  • Philosophes

    • Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who promoted reason and scientific thought.

  • Salons

    • Social gatherings where intellectuals discussed ideas.

  • Royal societies

    • Organizations promoting scientific research and knowledge.

  • Thomas Hobbes

    • Philosopher known for his social contract theory; believed in absolute sovereignty.

  • John Locke

    • Advocated for natural rights and government by consent.

  • Social Contract

    • The theory that individuals consent to form a government for protection of their rights.

  • David Hume

    • Philosopher known for his empiricism and skepticism.

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    • Believed in the inherent goodness of man and the corrupting influence of society.

  • Voltaire

    • Critic of the Church and advocate for civil liberties.

  • Denis Diderot

    • Co-founder of the Encyclopédie, promoting Enlightenment ideas.

  • Adam Smith

    • Economist known for his ideas on capitalism and free markets.

  • Deism

    • Belief in a rational God who does not intervene in the universe.

  • Women in the Enlightenment

    • Notable figures like Mary Wollstonecraft and Madame Pompadour who contributed to Enlightenment thought.

  • Mary Wollstonecraft

    • Early advocate for women's rights and education.

  • Madame Pompadour

    • Influential patron of the arts and culture in France.

  • Enlightened Absolutism

    • Monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.

  • Enlightened Despots

    • Rulers who implemented reforms based on Enlightenment principles.

Enlightenment and Race

  • Triangular Trade

    • Trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves and goods.

  • African slave trade

    • The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas for labor.

  • Enlightenment abolition efforts

    • Movements during the Enlightenment advocating for the end of slavery.

War of Austrian Succession

  • HRE Charles VI

    • His death led to the War of Austrian Succession.

  • Pragmatic Sanction

    • A diplomatic agreement to ensure Maria Theresa's succession.

  • Maria Theresa

    • The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions; faced challenges to her rule.

  • Frederick II of Prussia

    • Opponent of Maria Theresa; initiated conflict over Silesia.

  • Treaty of Aix la Chapelle

    • Ended the War of Austrian Succession; restored the status quo.

Early Modern European Colonization

  • Joint-stock companies

    • Businesses owned by shareholders; crucial for funding exploration.

  • British East India Trading Company

    • Major player in British colonial expansion in India.

  • Dutch East India Trading Company

    • Key in Dutch trade and colonization efforts.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

  • Seven Years' War

    • Global conflict involving most of the great powers; reshaped colonial empires.

  • Treaty of Paris

    • Ended the Seven Years' War; significant territorial changes.

  • Treaty of Hubertusburg

    • Ended the conflict in Europe

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Exam 2 Study Guide (1)

Unit II Key Terms

Early Modern France

  • Divine Right of Kings

    • The belief that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.

  • Henry of Navarre

    • First monarch of the House of Bourbon; known for his role in the French Wars of Religion. When Henry III Died, Henry Navarre took the throne by fighting his way through catholic troops.

  • Absolutism

    • A political doctrine where a single ruler holds absolute power. The goal was to control every aspect of society including religion

  • Estates General

    • A legislative assembly representing the three estates of the realm: clergy, nobility, and commoners.

  • Cardinal Richelieu

    • Chief minister to Louis XIII; strengthened the monarchy and centralized power. Two primary goals were to centralize power in France and oppose the Habsburg dynasty because he saw them as a political threat to the stability of France.

  • Louis XIII

    • King of France; his reign saw the consolidation of royal power.

  • Cardinal Mazarin

    • Successor to Richelieu; played a key role during the Fronde.

  • The Fronde

    • A series of civil wars in France during the early reign of Louis XIV.

  • Louis XIV

    • Known as the Sun King; the epitome of absolute monarchy and built the Palace of Versailles.

  • Versailles

    • The grand palace built by Louis XIV, symbolizing royal power.

  • Jean-Baptiste Colbert

    • Minister of Finance under Louis XIV; promoted mercantilism.

  • Huguenots in France

    • French Protestants who faced persecution; significant in the context of religious wars.

  • War of Spanish Succession

    • A major European conflict over the succession to the Spanish throne.

  • League of Augsburg

    • A coalition formed against France during the War of the Spanish Succession.

Early Modern England

  • Magna Carta

    • A charter of rights agreed to by King John of England in 1215; foundational to constitutional law.

  • Second Barons’ War

    • A conflict between King Henry III and rebellious barons.

  • Parliament

    • The legislative body in England; evolved to represent the interests of the people.

  • Model Parliament

    • A parliament summoned by Edward I in 1295 that included commoners.

  • Sumptuary Laws

    • Regulations governing consumption and personal expenditure.

  • Puritans

    • A religious group seeking to purify the Church of England; influential in the English Civil War.

  • Constitutional Monarchy

    • A system of government where a monarch shares power with a constitutionally organized government.

  • James I

    • The first monarch of the Stuart dynasty; known for the King James Bible.

  • Charles I

    • His reign led to the English Civil War; executed for treason.

  • Petition of Rights

    • A constitutional document that limited the king's power.

  • Long Parliament

    • The English Parliament that lasted from 1640 until 1660; pivotal in the Civil War.

  • English Civil War

    • A conflict between Parliamentarians and Royalists; resulted in the temporary overthrow of the monarchy.

  • Oliver Cromwell

    • Leader of the Parliamentarian victory; ruled as Lord Protector.

  • England vs. France (Early Modern Monarchy)

    • A comparison of the political structures and conflicts between the two nations.

Scientific Revolution

  • Neoplatonism

    • A philosophical system that reinterprets Plato's ideas.

  • Hermetic Doctrine

    • A religious and philosophical system based on writings attributed to Hermes Trismegistus.

  • Empirical Method

    • A method of knowledge acquisition based on observation and experimentation.

  • Geocentric model

    • The astronomical model where Earth is at the center of the universe.

  • Heliocentric model

    • The astronomical model proposed by Copernicus, placing the Sun at the center.

  • Copernicus

    • Astronomer who formulated the heliocentric theory.

  • Galileo Galilei

    • Key figure in the Scientific Revolution; known for his work in astronomy and physics.

  • Galileo and the Church

    • His conflict with the Catholic Church over heliocentrism.

  • Johannes Kepler

    • Known for his laws of planetary motion.

  • Isaac Newton

    • Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

  • Andreas Vesalius

    • Founder of modern human anatomy.

  • William Harvey

    • Discovered the circulation of blood.

  • Anton van Leeuwenhoek

    • Pioneered microscopy and discovered microorganisms.

  • Francis Bacon

    • Advocated for the scientific method and empirical research.

  • Rene Descartes

    • Philosopher known for Cartesian dualism; "I think, therefore I am."

  • Cartesian Dualism

    • The idea that mind and body are distinct entities.

The Enlightenment

  • Philosophes

    • Intellectuals of the Enlightenment who promoted reason and scientific thought.

  • Salons

    • Social gatherings where intellectuals discussed ideas.

  • Royal societies

    • Organizations promoting scientific research and knowledge.

  • Thomas Hobbes

    • Philosopher known for his social contract theory; believed in absolute sovereignty.

  • John Locke

    • Advocated for natural rights and government by consent.

  • Social Contract

    • The theory that individuals consent to form a government for protection of their rights.

  • David Hume

    • Philosopher known for his empiricism and skepticism.

  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau

    • Believed in the inherent goodness of man and the corrupting influence of society.

  • Voltaire

    • Critic of the Church and advocate for civil liberties.

  • Denis Diderot

    • Co-founder of the Encyclopédie, promoting Enlightenment ideas.

  • Adam Smith

    • Economist known for his ideas on capitalism and free markets.

  • Deism

    • Belief in a rational God who does not intervene in the universe.

  • Women in the Enlightenment

    • Notable figures like Mary Wollstonecraft and Madame Pompadour who contributed to Enlightenment thought.

  • Mary Wollstonecraft

    • Early advocate for women's rights and education.

  • Madame Pompadour

    • Influential patron of the arts and culture in France.

  • Enlightened Absolutism

    • Monarchs who embraced Enlightenment ideas while maintaining absolute power.

  • Enlightened Despots

    • Rulers who implemented reforms based on Enlightenment principles.

Enlightenment and Race

  • Triangular Trade

    • Trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas involving slaves and goods.

  • African slave trade

    • The forced transportation of Africans to the Americas for labor.

  • Enlightenment abolition efforts

    • Movements during the Enlightenment advocating for the end of slavery.

War of Austrian Succession

  • HRE Charles VI

    • His death led to the War of Austrian Succession.

  • Pragmatic Sanction

    • A diplomatic agreement to ensure Maria Theresa's succession.

  • Maria Theresa

    • The only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions; faced challenges to her rule.

  • Frederick II of Prussia

    • Opponent of Maria Theresa; initiated conflict over Silesia.

  • Treaty of Aix la Chapelle

    • Ended the War of Austrian Succession; restored the status quo.

Early Modern European Colonization

  • Joint-stock companies

    • Businesses owned by shareholders; crucial for funding exploration.

  • British East India Trading Company

    • Major player in British colonial expansion in India.

  • Dutch East India Trading Company

    • Key in Dutch trade and colonization efforts.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

  • Seven Years' War

    • Global conflict involving most of the great powers; reshaped colonial empires.

  • Treaty of Paris

    • Ended the Seven Years' War; significant territorial changes.

  • Treaty of Hubertusburg

    • Ended the conflict in Europe

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