world civilization exam 2

What was the impulse behind the American revolution? Did this lend it more radical or conservative character?

• The colonies in America were left in a state of salutary neglect (Self government)

• Major reforms were made to impose control over the Colonies

7 Years War;

• Colonies were growing and this brought conflict with the French

• This leaves Britain in a lot of debt

• Proclamation of 1763 was issued that told the colonies they could not expand westward; into territory they just gained from France.

Taxation:

• Stamp Act is issued and is the spark of Independence

• Townshend act is issued that taxed things the Colonist were dependent on Britain for; Tea,glass,sugar,lead etc.

Radical or Conservative?

• In a way it can be seen as both.

• Conservatively the colonist called for independence because things were changing and the colonist were uneasy about it

• Radically: They made bold claims and deemed that everyone has inalienable rights (Enlightenment influence)

What led to the French Revolution? Was this revolution more or less radical that its American counterpart?

Aristocracy:

• Not all citizens were equal or had equal representation

Bankruptcy of the French General Estate:

• Privileged groups were exempt from taxes——> Burden Fell on the common people

3rd estate:

• Realize they make up a lot of the French population and rename themselves the National Assembly

• The Bastille Is stormed

Declaration of Rights of Man

• 17 Articles

• Rights of man

More or less radical?:

• Much more. It was a complete overhaul of what people wanted to see in France.

• Reign of terror: Violence in masses directed toward political figures

• Wanted to install a government that looked completely different than the previous one

• First power to abolish slavery in its colonies

• Former slaves become citizens

What is the connection between the Haitian Revolution and French Revolution? What did the principles of the French Revolution mean to the various groups that made up the colony of Saint-Domingue?

• After France has a revolution it’s begins asking questions about slave holding colonies.

• France becomes the first group to abolish slavery

• The principles meant that slaver could defiantly be ended, however this sparked fear in white people due to the revolution it might be outlawed.

• The 2 have a connection due to dialogue: What happens in France effects Haiti; Vice versa

• Slavery becomes abolished and Haiti is recognized as the 2nd independent country in the new world

Legacies:

• Modern Nationalism——> People start to look at national identity

• Feminism: talk never goes away—→ Seneca Falls movement

• Abolition: Slavery Overlooked——> Civil War Follows

• Gettysburg Address———> Equality for everyone

How did event in Europe provide the spark for Latin American revolutions from 1808-1825? How did divisions of race and class complicate independence movements in Latin American? How did independence leaders try to overcome these divisions?

• napoleon comes to power and sets France back

• He attempts to create puppet governments in Spain

• When he invades Spain they resist and create resistance groups

• Latin America has an opportunity for more autonomy

How did the industrial revolution impact middle and working class women differently?

• The idea behind the cult of Domesticity was not a reality for the Working women. They had to help support their families while middle class women had more opportunities to stay at home and look after children.

How did the economic and social transformations of the industrial revolution give rise to new political ideologies such as communism and social democracy?

Socially:

• Working Class was created

• Class structure as we know it created

Politically:

• Millions of people who share the same experiences of poor working conditions, low wages, low standard of living

• This inequality fuels new ideology and called for communism to combat capitalism Radical change

• It also called for social democracy from within

What was the connection between industrialization and European imperialism in the 19th and 20th centurys?

Industrialization provided the Motive and Means for imperialism:

• Economy: needs supply of raw materials

• Colonies: Provided markets, imperialism allows power to dictate captive markets (take resources and sell them)

Means:

• New technology makes accessing/taking lands easier/Faster

Justification:

• Civilizing mission: The superior need to conquer the lesser civilizations

What distinguished the second wave of European imperialism from the first phase of conquests in the Americas

American Imperialism:

• Dies in American Revolution (No longer about the “new world”)

New phase:

• Geography; New Reaches of the world= Africa and Asia are colonized and used for European/American Benefits.

• New players involved; The states are independent and take advantage of slave trade, Japan has more confidence and starts to advance its colonies further. Germany and Italy also involved

In what ways did colonial subjects cooperate with imperial authority? In what ways did they resist??

Cooperation:

• Britain and India; creates a middle class

• Schools are established

• Britain relied on cooperation to run empire

Push Back;

• Indian National Congress——> a push for local autonomy

In what ways did colonial rule impact cultural beliefs and identities of colonial societies?

identity:

• Had to adopt a new way of life———> Clothing and Language

• Traditional identities uprooted and new ones were formed

What internal and external challenges did China face during the 19th century?

Internal:

• Century of humiliation; Slip from being advanced power

• Civil War

• rising idea of change vs maintenance of traditional order

• Growing Population: Peasant uprising

External:

• world is changing and advancing around them

• Opium war

What type of reform did the young ottomans and young Turks call for, and what was the outcome of their efforts?

What type of reform did the young Ottoman and Turks call for and what was the outcome of their efforts. 

• They called for political reform introduced 

• Wanted to get the Sultan to agree to a constitution 

• The constitution only last 2 years.

• Turks motivated by nationalism 

• Get rid of the Ottoman Regime 

• Aftermath of WW1 causes the Ottoman Empire to desintigrate.

• Unfortounetly they enact ethnic cleansing to create their nation state. 

Compare China and the Ottoman Empires confrontation with Europe in the 19th century?

China tried to reform by self strengthening: which was not effective. There were calls for more radical change and structure reform that get defeated. Ottomans tried to confront the modernizing world by changing everything but politics. Many calls for radical change were made.

Unlike the experience of China and the Ottoman Empire, what was so unique about japans modernization effort?

• 250 years 

• Japan is very traditional and isolated; shuts itself off from Europe.

• Feudal era of Japanese history; power is localized

meji restoration and Japanese imperialism 

• Fedual era is ended when USA forces it to open its ports 

• Japan takes this as an opportunity to open its eyes 

• Meiji restoration; brought back the empire/ stronger centeralized government

• Mess process with challenges from many 

• Movement Is sucessful

• Japan is modernized and westernized many aspects of Japanese life so they can be more competitive. 

• Education is overhauled/ More public acess

• Samuri era is over with the institution of a modern army 

• Japan goes on to expand its empire; Tries to invade China again.