IB History HL Paper 1 Flashcards: Apartheid & Civil Rights Movement

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing key terms and concepts related to Apartheid in South Africa and the Civil Rights Movement in the U.S.

Apartheid

Institutionalized racial segregation privileging the White minority over the Black majority in South Africa.

National Party (NP)

The political party under DF Malan that came to power in South Africa in 1948 and officially began Apartheid.

DF Malan

The leader of the National Party who initiated Apartheid in South Africa.

Baasskap

Boss rule,' the system of daily social and economic domination of Blacks by Whites during the Petty Apartheid era.

Petty Apartheid

The initial phase of Apartheid (1948-early 1950s) focused on daily social and economic domination of Blacks by Whites.

Grand Apartheid

The later phase of Apartheid (late 1950s onward) which focused on complete territorial and institutional separation of races.

HF Verwoerd

Key figure behind Grand Apartheid, aiming for complete territorial and institutional separation.

Pass Laws Act 1952

Law forcing Africans to carry reference books; a key feature of Apartheid, resisted by the Defiance Campaign.

Group Areas Act 1950

Law that enforced forced removals and the removal of Black residents from cities to townships.

Bantu Education Act 1953

Law that created a racially tailored, inferior education system for Africans.

Bantustans

Tribal homelands' created to strip Black South Africans of their citizenship.

Sophiatown

Vibrant Black community destroyed by force under the Western Areas Removal Scheme.

Defiance Campaign (1952)

First large-scale, nonviolent resistance by ANC and South African Indian Congress against Pass Laws.

Freedom Charter (1955)

Document drafted at the Congress of the People calling for an end to Apartheid and a democratic, non-racial government.

Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

Event where police killed 69 peaceful PAC protesters, leading to the ANC adopting armed struggle.

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

The armed wing of the ANC, formed after the Sharpeville Massacre.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that maintained de jure segregation, especially in the South of the U.S.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Supreme Court case that legitimized segregation through separate but equal.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Supreme Court case that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson, ruling segregation in public schools unconstitutional.

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56)

Boycott sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest, leading to the end of bus segregation and elevating MLK.

Martin Luther King Jr.

Leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association, elevated as the national face of nonviolent protest.

Little Rock Nine (1957)

Black students barred from Central High School; President Eisenhower deployed the U.S. Army to enforce desegregation.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Organization that formed as a result of the Greensboro Sit-ins.

Freedom Rides (1961)

Challenged segregation in interstate travel.

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

Targeted one of the most segregated U.S. cities; police brutality pressured Kennedy to propose civil rights legislation.

March on Washington (1963)

Event where over 250,000 people attended and MLK delivered his I Have a Dream speech, helped pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

Voting Rights Act (1965)

Act that banned literacy tests and allowed federal oversight of elections in discriminatory states.

Freedom Summer (1964)

Voter registration drive in Mississippi.

Black Power Movement

Marked shift from nonviolent civil disobedience to racial self-determination.

Malcolm X

Advocated for Black nationalism and pride.

Black Panther Party (1966)

Organization founded by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale initially to monitor police brutality; provided social services.

Cesar Chavez

Leader of Hispanic-American Activism and United Farm Workers.

American Indian Movement (AIM)

Organization founded for more militant action. Advocated soverignty and better living conditions.

Betty Friedan

Author of The Feminine Mystique which sparked debate around women's rights.

National Organization for Women (NOW)

Organization founded to push EEOC to act on women's rights.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned segregation in public places, outlawed job discrimination.

Civil Rights Act of 1968

Banned housing discrimination.