Chapter_5_-_Civil_Rights_

Civil Rights

Guarantees of equal opportunity and protection through obligations imposed on government to protect individuals.

Civil Liberties

Basic personal freedoms established in the Bill of Rights, often seen as limitations on government action.

Social Movements

Sustained campaigns brought by and on behalf of disadvantaged populations in support of a political or social goal.

Collective Action

The process of a group of people organizing and acting based on a shared goal.

Inside Strategy

Movement leaders work within the political system to achieve their goal, such as passing legislation.

Outside Strategy

Movement leaders organize to transform public opinion through actions like protests and sit-ins.

Equal Protection Clause

Provision of the Fourteenth Amendment guaranteeing citizens 'the equal protection of the laws.'

Burden of Proof

The responsibility of an individual or organization to provide sufficient evidence in support of a claim in court.

Brown v. Board of Education

A 1954 Supreme Court case ruling that states no longer had the power to use race as a criterion of discrimination.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A 1955-56 protest against segregation on public buses in Montgomery, Alabama, sparked by Rosa Parks' arrest.

Student Sit-Ins

A form of protest where students would enter segregated establishments and refuse to leave when denied service.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Landmark legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation that aimed to eliminate barriers to voting for African Americans and strengthen voting rights protections.

Affirmative Action

Programs that seek to redress past injustices against specified groups through efforts to provide access to opportunities.

#MeToo Movement

A movement encouraging women to demand justice for sexual crimes and raise awareness about sexual harassment.

Dred Scott v. Sanford

A Supreme Court case ruling that enslaved people were not U.S. citizens and couldn't sue in federal court.

Loving v. Virginia

A Supreme Court case that struck down laws prohibiting interracial marriage as unconstitutional.

Native American Civil Rights

Efforts by Native Americans to secure their civil rights and control over their land and government affairs.

Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)

Law prohibiting discrimination based on disability in employment, housing, and public services.

Black Lives Matter (BLM)

A movement advocating against systemic racism and highlighting issues of police violence toward Black individuals.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.

38th Parallel

The latitude line that roughly demarcates North and South Korean territories,

Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights

Civil liberties are protections against government overreach, while civil rights involve the government's obligation to protect individuals from discrimination.

Hernandez v. Texas

A landmark Supreme Court case ruling that Mexican Americans are entitled to equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Title IX

Federal law prohibiting gender discrimination in educational programs and activities receiving federal funding.

Obergefell v. Hodges

Supreme Court ruling that established the constitutional right to same-sex marriage.