Honors World History Chapter 5 - Imperialism and World War I

imperialism

policy where one country takes control of another

what did several European countries control between 1870 - 1914?

most of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East

4 reasons for people wanting to gain new territories and peoples

raw materials - would allow the conquering countries to produce finished goods; additional market - business leaders wanted an additional market to ship out/sell their surplus of goods; wanted to convert colonies to Christianity - other religions were seen as less important; global balance of power - did not want 1 imperial nation to become too strong

European nations made little effort to...

accept different cultures and languages

what did the conquering countries feel that they were doing?

helping the country it conquered

traits of African countries that made them wanted

rich in natural resources; prime for colonization

3 main imperialist powers in Africa, and what they all wanted

France, Great Britain, and Germany wanted to be a strong world power

Berlin Conference

called to discuss the future of Africa

main issue on the agenda of the Berlin Conference

slavery

what actually happened at the Berlin Conference? what did the countries do?

started carving up Africa; made it okay to colonize Africa

when dividing Africa, what did the European nations not care about?

local cultural or ethnic groups

what country was isolated for centuries until Perry?

Japan

who was Commodore Matthew Percy

an American who arrived in Tokyo Bay with four warships with request from the US that Japan open for trade and relationships

what happened when Japan rejected Matthew Perry?

Perry returned with more warships one year later

what happened after Perry returned with more warships?

Japan gave in; signed treaty with US; opened two ports for trade

Emperor Mutsuhito "Meiji"

young emperor of Japan who began Meiji Restoration

Meiji Restoration

lasted 45 years; Mutsuhito ended military dictatorship, began to industrialize, adopted western attributes

western attributes that Mutsuhito adopted

attempted to imitate European government and military; imitated American schools

Charter Oath of 1868

Mutsuhito promised social, educational, and cultural reforms for Japan; established 3 part government of legislative, executive, and judicial branches that led to Japan's 1st constitution

what people got in Japan's 1st constitution

voting rights; only people with land could vote

Japan and China signed an agreement to...

not send armies to Korea

Sino-Japanese War; how it began

war between China and Japan in KOREA; began when China sent troops to Korea to help king put down rebellions, so Japan sent troops to fight Chinese

outcome of Sino-Japanese War

Japan drove China out, destroyed their Navy, and took hold of Manchuria; Japan got 1st colonies in peace treaty

Russo-Japanese War

war over Russia's and Japan's imperialistic interests in Manchuria and Korea

who won the Russo-Japanese War

Japan

what strained relations between Russia and the US?

US stepped in at the end of the Russo-Japanese War; Russia was mad about Japan's territorial gains

Japan attacked Korea and made it a.....

protectorate

protectorate

has it's own government, but is under control of an outside power

who annexed Korea?

Japan

annexed

brought completely under control

why did Europe and the US ignore Japan's brutal imperialism?

too concerned about their own imperialistic goals

by 1912, Japan had... (6)

established a central government (modeled Germany's); a constitution and legislative body; better educated population; powerful military (like Germany); modern industrial nation (like US); it had embraced capitalism and had a market economy (like US)

who wanted a market for tea in China, which established trade between China and other countries?

US and Europe

Europe wanted Chinese _____ and ______ but couldn't offer anything in return

silk and porcelain

what did foreigners import into China from India and Southeast Asia?

cotton and opium

Why did the Opium War start?

Chinese became addicted to Opium, which upset Chinese government

Opium War

disastrous defeat for China

Treaty of Nanjing

China gave up Hong Kong and ports for trade to Britain; British officials were exempt from Chinese laws

what happened after the Opium War and Treaty of Nanjing? China was divided...

into spheres of influence (foreign nations control trade and investment)

what caused the Taiping Rebellion?

officials were corrupt and the people were poor

Taiping Rebellion

began the awakening of modern China by a peasant rebellion; Britain/France/other forces attacked the rebellion too

why did the US pass the Open Door Policy?

US wanted the same opportunities of using China for materials

Open Door Policy

policy of John Hay, which kept China open to trade with all nations

Boxers

group of men upset with the presence of foreigners in China; roamed the countryside killing off "infidels" (especially Christians)

Boxer Rebellion

Boxers roamed the countryside killing off "infidels" (especially Christians)

who ended the Boxer Rebellion

, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia

Sun Yat-Sen

provisional president of China; believed Chinese would need to be united through military force; wrote Three Principles of the People

Three Principles of the People

nationalism - China should be free of imperialist nations; people's rights - people should live in a democracy; economic security - Chinese people should be equal in food, clothing, housing, transportation

nationalism

belief that your country should be free of other nations

Josiah Strong

wrote Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis; said the US must continue it's manifest destiny by taking over all nations of the world

Admiral Alfred Mahan

wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon history; said that the way to influence the world was through control of the seas; helped Americans turn their eyes to overseas exploration

2 reasons why the US was interested in Latin America and the Caribbean

close to the US; regions were rich in natural resources and cheap labor

economic imperialism

exploitation of raw material and labor; land is consumed until all the resources are depleted

why US fought with Hawaii

US businesses invested in sugar plantations in Hawaii; struggled for power against Hawaiian monarchy

how US took Hawaii

plantation owners seized the islands from Queen Liliuokalani; Hawaii became a US territory

yellow journalism

sensational writing that disregards the truth; began with Spanish government in Cuba violating human rights, newspapers printed stories about this; US sympathized with Cubans

what caused the Spanish-American War

US newspapers blamed Spain for sinking the Maine in a Cuban harbor; Congress called for war

2 US fronts in the Spanish-American War

Caribbean and Philippines

US leader in the Philippines in the Spanish-American War

Commodore Dewey

what did Commodore Dewey do

took his troops from Hong Kong when he heard about the war; destroyed the Spanish at Manila; US seized the Philippines

US leader in the Caribbean in the Spanish-American War

Colonel Teddy Roosevelt

what did Colonel Teddy Roosevelt do in the Spanish-American War

took volunteers (Rough Riders) to invade Cuba; liberated Cuba from Spanish control

Rough Riders

volunteers led by T. Roosevelt to invade Cuba

terms in peace treaty ending Spanish-American War

Spain lost; had to give up control of Cuba; sold the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the US; the US became a world power

what did T. Roosevelt want to build

the Panama Canal: a canal across the Isthmus of Panama

purpose of the Panama Canal

ensured the US easy access to the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean for trade and defense

how the US got a permanent land lease after the Colombian govt refused to sell the land to T. Roose

the Panamanians revolted; US ensured Colombians couldn’t stop the revolt; Panamanians won independence

Roosevelt Corollary

said the US had the right to intervene if a nation in the western hemisphere had trouble paying back it's foreign creditors; US did this to prevent Eur. powers from colonizing new nations

missionary diplomacy

President Wilson believed the US had an obligation to ensure that democratic governments would be brought into Latin America and the Caribbean

what did the US and Carranza do

took over the Mexican government from a dictator

who was Carranza’s enemy and what did he do

Pancho Villa; crossed into New Mexico, set fires, killed 19 people

what happened to Pancho Villa

Wilson sent troops to capture him dead or alive; when the troops reached Mexico, war almost resulted from hostilities; WW1 took Wilson’s attention away

what did Eur. countries maintain always for the first time

armies and navies, even in peace

long term causes of WW1

militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism

militarism

government’s interest in building up it's military strength, ideals, organizations, and spirit

Triple Alliance

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; secret agreement; if one country was attacked, all three would fight

Triple Entente

Great Britain, France, and Russia; formed in response to the Triple Alliance

the beginning of Germany

small city-states of Prussia became Germany; became militaristic and wanted to make an empire under Kaiser Wilhelm II

nationalism

belief in national unity and, in some cases, racial supremacy; each nation believed it was superior and deserved the right to take over other peoples

Charles Darwin

created idea of “survival of the fittest”

Social Darwinism

the idea that only the strongest people are meant to rule

what started WW1

Archduke Francis Ferdinand was shot in Bosnia by Serbians; Austria-Hungary accused Serbia of plotting to kill him and threatened war

initial alliances at start of WW1

Serbia, Russia, France versus Germany and Austria-Hungary

Germany’s goals at start of WW1

wanted to conquer Belgium and defeat France

When and why did Britain enter WW1

Germany attacked Belgium, so Britain entered to honor the Triple Entente agreement

WW1 turned into a large stalemate on the ______ front

western

Schlieffen Plan

called for defeating France quickly then going east to defeat Russia; felt doable since Russia was behind in RR and would struggle to resupply troops

what happened at the Battle of the Marne and what tactic was used

the French slowed the Germans; both sides dug trenches to help with defense

battle tactics in WW1

trench warfare; “no man’s land”; machine guns; poison gas; military airplanes; blockades; submarines

No Man’s Land

the area between the opposing trenches where soldiers placed barbed wire and land mines

machine guns

fired bullets in rapid succession

poison gas: what it did, who first used it

killed or disabled soldiers instantly; 1st used by Germans

Orville and Wilbur Wright: what they built and how it was used in WW1

built the 1st military airplane; planes were first used for scouting, but by the end of the war, they attacked enemy aircraft

blockade: who used it on who and what it did

Britain used it on Germany; prevented access militarily to a specific port or area to prevent military troop movements or access to food and medicine

U-boats/Submarines: who blocked who with them

Germany blocked Britain

Battle of Verdun: how long it lasted and what was the main cause of death

lasted 10 months; 700,000 deaths due to poison gas

why was a British blockade important in the final victory

because many Germans died from a lack of food, which lowered civilian morale and support of war

why did US businesses want war

the US was in a recession: reduced economic activity; productivity and employment would increase with war

why did the US side mostly with Britain

we supplied Britain with weaponse

4 reasons why the US joined WW1

the sinking of the Lusitania, the Zimmerman telegram, German aggression at sea, the Russian Revolution