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Plasmodesmata

Channels that connect two plant cells.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

An organelle that comes in two forms: smooth and rough; involved in lipid and protein synthesis.

Nucleus

Contains chromatin, a nuclear envelope, and a nucleolus, and is found in both plant and animal cells.

Cell wall

Maintains cell shape in plant cells.

Central Vacuole

Filled with cell sap that maintains pressure against the cell wall.

Cytoskeleton

A structure made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments that provides support and shape to the cell.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Mitochondria

Organelles that produce energy through cellular respiration.

Peroxisome

An organelle that contains enzymes for metabolic reactions, including ROS metabolism.

Chloroplast

An organelle in plant cells that is the site of photosynthesis.

Endomembrane System

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.

Transport Vesicles

Membranous sacs that transport materials within the endomembrane system.

Cisternae

Flattened membrane-bound compartments found within the Golgi apparatus.

Lysosomes

Organelles containing enzymes that digest cellular waste and macromolecules.

Autophagy

The process through which cells degrade and recycle cellular components.

Pexophagy

A specific type of autophagy that involves the degradation of peroxisomes.

Vesicle

A small membrane-bound sac that stores and transports substances within a cell.

Cell Maintenance

Processes that ensure cellular integrity and function, including proteostasis.

Phagophore

A membrane structure that forms around a targeted organelle to facilitate autophagy.

Dynamic Morphology

The ability of organelles to change their shape and size in response to functional demands.

Jasmonate Biosynthesis

A metabolic pathway leading to the production of jasmonate, a plant hormone involved in stress responses.

β-Oxidation

A metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids to generate acetyl-CoA.

Auxin Synthesis

The process of producing auxin, a plant hormone that regulates growth.

ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

Chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen that can damage cells but also play roles in cell signaling.

NADH

A coenzyme that carries electrons during cellular respiration, resulting in energy production.

Photosynthetic Efficiency

The effectiveness with which plants convert light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis.