Tissues and Primary Growth of Stem

Parenchyma

Collenchyma

Schlerenchyma

Specialized Parenchyma Cells

• Chlorenchyma

• Glandular cells

• Transfer cells

• Phloem

Glandular Cells

What parenchyma cells secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage, resins and oils?

Resin Canal

Phloem

Schlerenchyma

Mechanical (nonconducting) sclerenchyma

• Fibers are long and flexible.

• Sclereids are short, isodiametric (cuboidal), inflexible, and brittle.

Conducting sclerenchyma

• transports water.

• Tracheary elements of the xylem

• Includes tracheids and vessel elements

shoot

stem with included leaves

leaf axil

stem area just above the point where a leaf attaches

Stolons / Runner

(stem modification)

have especially long and thin internodes allowing dispersal of daughter plants

Bulbs

(stem modification)

short shoots with thick, fleshy leaves

Corms

(stem modification)

vertical, thick stems with thin, papery leaves

Rhizomes

(stem modification)

fleshy horizontal stems that allow a plant to spread underground

Tubers

(stem modification)

horizontal, like rhizomes, but grow for a short period and are mainly a means of strong nutrients

Guard cells

pair of cells that border the stomatal pore

stomatal pore

hole between the guard cells through which gases can pass

Shoot Apical Meristem

Leaf Primordia

leaf in its initial growth stage

Apical Meristem

• Actively dividing for plant elongation

• Produce an increase in girth especially for the secondary growth

• Located at the tip of stems and roots

Subapical Meristem

produces cells in region below; visible differentiation of specialized cells

Protoderm

aka Epidermis; outermost layer of shoot apical meristem

Provascular Tissues

darker, develops into the xylem and phloem

Upper Tip

where young cells are found when growing up

Lower Tip

where young cells are found when growing down

True

T or F: Single cells of some plants can generate entire plants.

False

Parenchyma cells don’t easily propagate in dark plants

Protoderm

(type of primary meristem)

forms epidermis

Procambium

(type of primary meristem)

forms primary vascular tissue

Ground Meristem

(type of primary meristem)

differentiates into ground tissue

Apical Meristem

Cork cambium

Produces cork cells

Vascular cambium

Produces secondary vascular tissue

Root and Shoot System

2 components of vascular plants

Root System

• system that anchors the plant

• penetrates the soil to absorb water and nutrients

Shoot System

• Stems: a framework for positioning leaves

• Leaves: principle sites for photosynthesis

• Vegetative shoot: comprised of the nodes, leaf, axillary buds

Ground Tissue

• type of tissue that is made up of parenchymatous cells

• ex : collenchyma and schlerenchyma

Dermal Tissue

• type of tissue wherein epidermal cells originate from the protoderm cover all parts of the primary plant body

• ex : Guard cells, Trichomes, Root hairs (increase surface area)

Vascular tissue

• type of tissue that is mainly for conduction

• ex : xylem and phloem

Tracheids

• shape : long/narrow; with pointed ends

• perforations : none

Vessel Elements

• shape : short/wide; flat ends

• perforations : usually two, one on each end wall

Fiber

• schlerenchymatous tissue that supports internal structures

Sclereids

• schlerenchymatous tissue that is also called as stone cells and are circular in shape

Apium graveolens

scientific name of celery

Pyrus sp

scientific name of pear

anthocyanin

present in Rhoeo discolor epidermis which is the purple pigmentation that comprises specialized pigments

Collenchyma

this type of tissue is present in the rib/ridges of celery

Sclereids

aka stone cells; cells that are bundled together and are found in pear

Totipotent Cells

type of cell that can develop into any type of cell

Pluripotent cells

type of cell that can develop into many, but not all different types of cells

Multipotent cells

type of cell that can develop into multiple types of cells, but not as many types as pluripotent cells

Height

primary meristem adds up to the plant’s ______

Girth

secondary meristem adds up to the plant’s ______