Liverpool - Case Study

Regional importance of Liverpool

-2 Premier League footbal clubs (Liverpool and Everton)

-centre for shopping (Liverpool ONE)

-ferries connect to Ireland and Isle of Man

-centre for employment

-regional road network radiates from Liverpool

National Importance of Liverpool

-2nd largest city economy in the North West

-transport links e.g. M62, Rail links to London and Liverpool John Lennon Airport connects UK cities

-Universities attracts students across the UK

-hub for education, research, creative and digital industries and advanced manufacturing (3000 manufacturing companies and 50000 jobs)

International Importance of Liverpool

-Liverpool Docks 6th largest Uk port

-2 million international visitors a year

-used to be a UNESCO World Heritage waterfront

-Liverpool FC

-Liverpool2 deep-water container terminal — handles global trade, especially with USA and China.

-Tropical School of Medicine - leading fight against Malaria

Impacts of national migration on the growth and character of Liverpool

-Welsh migrants arrive in early 1800s due to developing industry. 1813 - 10% of population was Welsh

-2 million Irish people migrated to LIverpool after the Great Irish Famine in 1845 (25% population)

-population growth the greatest from 1800s to 1900s, peaked in 1937 due to triangular trade and industrialisation

-after 1930s decline in population due to deindustrialisation

Impacts of international migration on the growth and character of Liverpool

-oldest Chinese community in Europe and first Chinatown

-UK's oldest Black African community - 1730

-ethically diverse, 1 in 8 people are from an ethnic minority background

Social and economic opportunities of urban change in Liverpool

-cultural mixing: range of food and festivals and tourism. E.g. Chinatown is a popular tourist destination

-recreation and entertainment: £2.5 bil tourism in 2015, the Albert Dock has many restaurants and museums(the Beatles Story), Echo Arena built on a brownfield site at Kings Dock. £1 bil regeneration to create Liverpool one

-employment: 160000 jobs in the tourism and service sector

-New business parks e.g Liverpool Science Park. This attracts high-skilled jobs. It encourages research and new businesses helping to create new companies in the city.

-integrated transport system: Merseytravel operates the city's bus, train and ferry networks with prepaid cards that can be used across networks and encouraging public transport use.

Environmental opportunities of urban change in Liverpool

-one of England's greenest cities

-7 listed parks, more than any other city except London

-LiverpoolONE contains roof gardens like Chavasse Park

-URBAN GreenUP project £3.4 mil to create new green spaces and green corridors in the CBD in the Baltic triangle

Social and economic challenges of urban change in Liverpool

-industrial decline has left the inner city deprived: LE is 10 years lower in Toxteth than Woolton due to unhealthy lifestyles. Obesity, heart attacks

-4th most deprived city in England

-house prices increase due to regeneration.e.g. Georgian Quarter. Lack of affordable housing. Increase homelessness - 300?

-9% youth unemployment in Anfield, UK average is 2.8% due to poor education and leaving schools without basic qualifications

-deindustrialisation means most people migrate to SE for work, less people work in the city

Environmental challenges of urban change in Liverpool

-3000 derelict houses because of wealthier people leaving the city. Resulted in vandalism and run down areas like Toxteth

-air pollution level 12, exceeding limit set by WHO, resulting in 650 deaths per year due to air pollution, 2019 classified as one of the most congested cities in England

-10000 tonnes of landfill a month costing £700,000 and there is increasingly less space to store it

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How has the the urban sprawl of Liverpool affected the rural-urban fringe?

as Liverpool has grown, it has sprawled, merging with surrounding urban areas to create the Merseyside conurbation:

- large housing estates, eg Croxteth Park, have been built on rural greenfield land, destroying open spaces and ecosystems

- out-of-town developments, eg Knowsley Business Park, take advantage of cheaper but still accessible land outside the city; however, rural land is lost when they are built, and can cause pollution and congestion, people often travel to them by car

-growth of commuter settlements - places where people live and travel elsewhere for work. E.g. Warrington where congestion of the M62 to Liverpool causes air pollution. Also, high demand for new housing leads to loss of greenfield sites and increased house prices make it harder for young people to but homes.

Why did Liverpool need regeneration?

-Liverpool lost 80000 jobs between 1972 to 1978 as docks closed

-manufacturing sector declined by 50% due to reduced demand for traditional products as new technologies are developed

-misconceptions and stereotyping resulted in the negative image of the city e.g. Toxteth riots(involving crime, violence and racism towards the Black community) so not-tourist friendly

-end of WW2 meant Liverpool struggled financially to rebuild

-new retail centres built on the rural-urban fringe. E.g. Trafford Centre

What is the Paradise Street Project

£1 billion city regeneration project from 2004 to 2008 that created Liverpool ONE (large shopping, leisure and residential are in Liverpool city centre)

Main features of the Paradise Street Project

-two flagship stores, a cinema and 26 restaurants

-600 homes allows population to grow

-creating 4,000 permanent jobs and 3,000 jobs in construction

-a green space in the CBD - Chevasse Park

-5th in retail league in the UK from 15th

-also resulted in the increase of 100000 visitors per week at the Albert Dock by connecting the historic waterfront with the CBD

-so changed the image of Liverpool to a vibrant leisure destination