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T or F? Globalization of health care has produced positive effects in both developed and developing countries.

False

The delivery of medical care in preindustrial America was governed mainly by

free market conditions

The private medical sector in the US has been heavily regulated by the government mainly because

the government finances Medicare and Medicaid

T or F? In the preindustrial era, much of the medical care in the US was provided by nonphysicians.

True

T or F? When hospitals first emerged in the United States, they were used primarily by the wealthy.

False

What was the main force that prevented a government-run national health care program from becoming a reality in the United States?

beliefs and values

What main purpose was served by an almshouse in the preindustrial period?

it performed general welfare and custodial functions

T or F? As the health care delivery system developed in the US, right from its inception primary care physicians were assigned a gatekeeping role.

False

During the World War II period, health insurance became employer-based because of

wage freezes

T or F? Middle-class Americans have historically opposed proposals for a national health insurance program.

True

T or F? When bills for compulsory health insurance were introduced in several states, they were opposed by labor unions.

True

During the World War II period, the US Supreme Court ruled that

health insurance could be part of union-management negotiations

What factor was particularly important in promoting the growth of office-based medical practice in the postindustrial period?

urbanization

Why in the preindustrial period most people could not afford the services of a qualified physician?

the economic cost of travel was too high

T or F? As the health care delivery system developed in the US, it emphasized specialization over primary care.

True

The Baylor Hospital plan, started in 1929, laid the foundation for modern health insurance in the US. This was a _____ plan.

prepaid

In the preindustrial era, asylums were built by ____ to accommodate patients with severe and chronic mental illness.

the state governments

Medicare and Medicaid programs were created for population groups regarded as

vulnerable

T or F? In June 2012, the US Supreme Court ruling settled the implementation issues concerning the ACA of 2010.

False

What was the main reason for initiating national health care in countries such as Germany and England?

ward off political instability

What is not true about the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010?

most Americans supported the legislation once they found out what was in it

How has Medicaid created a two-tier system of medical care delivery in the US?

Many physicians do not serve Medicaid patients.

Hospitals in the United States evolved from

almshouses

T or F? In the preindustrial period, Europe was more advanced than the US in medical science.

True

Organized medicine...

Concerted activities of physicians through the American Medical Association

Historically, which interest group was the most powerful in opposing national health insurance during the 1900s?

The American Medical Association

T or F? Corporatization of medicine has resulted in delivering the same quality of health care at a lesser cost.

False

Development of the hospital and ______ happened almost hand in hand in a symbiotic relationship between the two.

the professionalization of medical practice

The Flexner Report, published in 1910, reported on

standards of training in medical schools

T or F? When bills for compulsory health insurance were introduced in several states, they were supported by American employers.

False

The US Supreme Court decision in Olmstead v. L.C. directed US states to

deinstitutionalize people with mental illness

E-health has resulted in...

patient empowerment and a dilution of their dependent role

The inception of _____ was used as a trial balloon for the idea of government-sponsored universal health insurance.

workers' compensation

Why did the first Blue Cross plans cover only hospital care?

The AMA objected to the inclusion of physician services.

What was the function of a pesthouse in the preindustrial period?

To house people who had a contageous disease.

Cultural authority was conveyed to the medical profession mainly through

advances in medical science

What was the main consequence of early proprietary medical schools, as opposed to state-sponsored schools, in the preindustrial era?

standards were low

Physician maldistribution occurs by...

specialty and geography

T or F? The number of active nurses has steadily increased over time.

False

When patients have multiple health problems, this is called

comorbidity

In the U.S., Midwifery's role in the management of pregnancies has been _______, compared to Europe.

peripheral

The number of specialists is increasing because

-Demand for specialists' services is high

-The development of medical technology

-Specialists earn more than primary care physicians

Primary care is...

-Longitudinal

-The portal to the healthcare system

-Holistic

T or F? There has been a decreasing number of international medical graduates (IMGs) in the U.S. since 1980.

False

The principal source of funding for graduate medical education is

Medicare

T or F? Registered nurses undergo the same training as licensed practical nurses

False

Which type of health care facility employs the most people in the U.S.?

Hospitals

T or F? The number of active physicians has steadily increased over time.

True

The roles and responsibilities of health services administrators include...

-Leadership and strategic direction

-Departmental management

-Program oversight

T or F? There is an imbalance between primary and specialty care services in the U.S. health care delivery system.

True

The Nurse Reinvestment Act of 2002 provides...

-Grants and scholarships for nurses

-Funding for nurse retention programs

-Funding for further education for nurses

The main difference between Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs) and Nurse Practitioners (NPs) is

CNSs work in hospitals, and NPs work mainly in primary care settings

Compared to metropolitan and suburban areas, there is a/an _____ of physicians in rural areas.

shortage

Which of the following statement is true regarding the global healthcare workforce crisis?

Developing countries face greater challenge than developed countries in the healthcare workforce crisis

T or F? More than half of osteopaths (DOs) are generalists.

True

MCO stands for

Managed Care Organization

T or F? More than half of MDs are specialists.

True

Nonphysician practitioners (NPPs) include

physician assistants

The basic source of the physician distribution problem in the U.S. is

lack of health care coverage for all

Allied health professionals include

physician assistants

The health care sector constituted what percentage of the U.S. gross domestic product in 2011?

18%

T or F? Fee-for-service reimbursement favors specialist practices.

True

T or F? Less than 2% of all active physicians are osteopaths (DOs).

False

T or F? The ACA is going to reduce the need for primary care providers.

False

A major factor influencing growth in the health care sector of the U.S. economy is

the aging of the population

Which of the following is a major criticism of managed care?

quality of care may be sacrificed

The percentage of active primary care generalist physicians has

decreased since 1949

What is the main advantage of interoperability within an electronic health records (EHR) system

Information can be shared between physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals

This law provided incentives for pharmaceutical firms to develop new drugs for health problems that affected a relatively small number of people.

Orphan Drug Act, 1983

What is the main application of quality-adjusted life years?

they are used a measure of health benefits

Certain allergy medications containing pseudoephedrine are available without prescription, but must be kept behind the pharmacy counter and sold only in limited quantities upon verification of a person's identity.

Patriot Act, 2006

Which department of the DHHS supports research on health care quality, cost, and access?

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

Generally, at the start of medical treatment...

benefits exceed costs

In technology assessment, what role do clinical trials play?

they are used for evaluating efficacy and safety

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act requires

protection of personal health information

What was the purpose of certificate of need (CON) laws?

Control new construction and modernization projects

What is the main function of the National Institutes of Health?

conduct and support biomedical research

Evaluation of the appropriateness of medical technology.

Health Technology Assessment

Benchmarking of HTA organizations should be linked with

standardization of HTA methods

Supply-side rationing.

central planning

What is the main intent of the Stark laws?

Prohibit self-referral by physicians to facilities in which they have an ownership interest

The Safe Medical Devices Act, 1990 requires

that injuries, illness, or death from any device be reported

The expectations that Americans have about what medical technology can do to cure illness is based on

cultural beliefs and values

Without the information on _____, it is almost impossible to know a technology's usefulness.

efficacy

Telemedicine technology that allows a specialist located at a distance to directly interview and examine a patient is referred to as

synchronous

Cost-efficiency evaluates marginal benefits in relation to

marginal costs

This made additional resources available to the FDA, and resulted in a shortened approval process for new drugs.

Prescription Drug User Fee Act, 1992

Which of the following has the greatest impact on system-wide health care costs?

Utilization of technology once it becomes available

What is the role of an institutional review board (IRB)?

Approve and monitor research that involves human subjects

This law was criticized for slowing down the introduction of new drugs.

Kefauver-Harris Drug Amendments, 1962

The point at which marginal benefits equal marginal costs.

optimum point

The most stringent requirements of premarket approval regarding safety and effectiveness apply to _____ devices

Class III