Midterm #2 Study Guide Animal Science 501 Dr. Dao, DVM-

What animals do NOT have gall bladders?

Rat and horses don't have a gall bladder.

they secrete bile continuously

Digestive system from the beginning to the end-

Mouth →

Esophagus →

Stomach →

Small Intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) →

Large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum, anus)

Where does fiber breakdown occur in horses? Why does it happen there?

cecum (at junction of small and large intestines) and colon take up most of the volume of equine digestive system: aids in fiber breakdown. No gall bladder to store bile.

What are the accessory organs? What does each one do?

Pancreas: produces and secretes

Digestive enzymes: produces insulin which regulates carbohydrate metabolism

Liver: produces bile-break down fatty acids, stores iron.

Describe each part of the avian digestive tract-

"Mikes eye catches people going so crazy like celeb vacations"

-Mouth: gather/breakdown

-Esophagus: tube from mouth to stomach that is open at the end

-Crop: Feed storage & moistening

-Proventriculus: Glandular stomach or "true stomach", secretes gastric juices

-Gizzard: Muscular stomach, mechanical breakdown. where stuff like grit and stones get broken down.

-Small intestine: Enzymatic digestion and absorption. digests proteins fats & carbs.

-ceca: essentially non functioning in monogastrics

-Large intestine: Bacterial activity, water absorption, waste storage

- Cloaca: common chamber for GI, urinary, & repro. tracts.
-
Vent: common exit for GI and Urinary tracts

Do chickens have two cecum?

Yes

What are some examples of ruminants?

Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Elk, Giraffe, Mouse deer, Cow.

What kind of animals only have bottom incisors? Give examples

Herbivores such as: Cattle, Sheep, Goats, Pseudoruminants (llama)

Describe the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach.

Rumen - 40 gallons in a cow, large fermentation, covered with papillae to increase the surface area, microorganisms synthesize amino acids from protein nitrogen and synthesize b complex vitamins.

Reticulum - collects objects that shouldn't be in the digestive system


Omasum - many piles, bible stomach, water particle size


Abomasum - glandular stomach (HCI, PEPSIN, RENNIN), change to columner epithelium, calf-80%, adult- 10% of stomach

What are the 6 essential nutrients?

Water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins

Which essential nutrient is the cheapest?

water

PVT (Private) TIM HALL

P -Phenylalanine

V - Valine

T - Tryptophan

T - Threonine

I - Isoleucine

M - Methionine

H - Histidine

A - Arginine

L - Leucine

L - Lysine

What is the essential amino acid in cats that aids in retinal health and helps prevent blindness?

Taurine

What are the two essential amino acids for poultry?

Glycine and Serine.

To find crude protein, what do you multiply?

For example, if a feed has 4% nitrogen, the crude protein in the feed is 25 (4 x 6.25 = 25)

multiply the %N by 6.25.

(4 x 6.25 = 25).

Carbohydrate compositions: ADF, NDF, NDSC, NDSF

ADF - acid detergent fiber

NDF - neutral detergent fiber

NDSC - neutral detergent soluble carbohydrates

NDSF - neutral detergent soluble fiber

Which carbohydrate composition is the least digestible?

R1

How much more energy do fats contain over carbohydrates?

Fat has more than twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates and proteins

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Unsaturated fatty acids are prone to rancidity

Which minerals are required for skeletal formation?

Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Mn

Which minerals are required for oxygen transport?

Fe, Cu

Which minerals are required for fluid balance and acid-base balance?

Na, CI, K

Why are vitamins essential?

Essential for health, reproduction, lactation, growth, general maintenance

What is the purpose of the dairy industry?

-for production of milk in excess of needs of young for human consumption
-we get dairy from cattle, sheep, goats, water buffalo, camels, reindeer, and horses
-we get protein and calcium from dairy

What did Egypt produce?

in 3000 b.c. egypt produced milk, cheese, and butter

What was the Land Grant Act?

in 1862 congress provided grants of land for colleges in every state that specialized in agriculture

What was the Hatch Act?

in 1887 it gave federal funds to state land grant colleges to create experimental stations that did research on dairy cattle and processing

What was the Babcock Test?

in 1890 developed by Stephen Babcock to determine fat content in milk

What is the process called in which heat is used to kill harmful microorganisms in dairy products?

Pasteurization, developed in 1864 by french chemist Louis Pasteur

What is homogenization?

process of breaking up fat in milk

List the top states in dairy cattle numbers.

California- 1.71 billion
Wisconsin- 1.27 million
New York- 616,000
Idaho- 587,000
Pennsylvania- 530,000
Minnesota- 460,000

What are the California Dairy Statistics? (Likely to be a test question!)

-Since 1993 #1 in fluid milk, butter, ice cream, and nonfat dry milk
-in 2004, CA produced 21% of nations total milk
-2,100 dairy families w/ 1.8 million cows
-1,780 cows/dairy in 2013
-$5.3 billion in sales, leading state in agriculture
-1/5 lbs cheese comes from CA

What are some solutions to the environmental concerns caused by the dairy industry?

solar energy & methane digester

What is the source of income in the dairy industry?

milk, calves, cull cows

Holstein cattle is the

-Largest dairy breed, most prevalent,

-90%-95% of all dairy cattle in the industry

-red-recessive gene, usually blk/wht

- horns
-cows docile/bulls aggressive

Guernesy

golden yellow milk

Hi MF 4.55%

20-30% less feed per pound of milk

Jersey

Butter, Cheese, ice cream

smallest breed

nervous cows and mean bulls

poor beef

Brown Swiss

MF 4.0%

oldest breed (6000 years)

strong feet, legs

2nd in milk production

good beef

Ayrshire

Scotland

red and white, medium sized

known for conformation

straight lines and well balanced udders

Jamaican Hope

80% jersey, 15% zebu, 5% holstein

heat tolerant, resistant to ticks and tick borne diseases

Milking Shorthorn

provided milk, meat, transportation for pioneers

australia

Dutch belt cattle-

naturally homogenized with small fat globules

rare breed in N America with less than 200 registered cattle

Holland

What are newborn calves fed? What does it contain?

Colostrum
Contains IgG (Immunogabbaglobulin- antibodies)

What is used in a calf's navel? What does it do?

after birth, dipped in sanitizing liquid (iodine dip) to prevent infection and also used to dry it up quicker so it can fall off

What are the breeding weights for each cattle breed?

Holstein & Brown Swiss- 750lbs
Ayrshire- 600lbs
Guernsey- 550lbs
Jersey- 500lbs

What is a springer?

heifer due to calve in 2months or less

What is a dry cow?

milk production ceases

What is given to springers and dry cows?

good pasture and hay because it results in a higher BCS (body condition score)

What are the advantages of artificial insemination (AI)?

-more milk
-more net income
-safety
-disease
-diversity

What is the gestation period of a dairy cow? How many months?

about 9 months- 283 days avg

What does Prolactin (LTH) do?

LTH- initiates and maintains ability of alveoli to secrete milk

What does oxytocin do?

-milk letdown
-contraction of alveoli and small ducts to larger ducts
-40% of milk stored in gland cistern and large duct systems (mammary ducts)
-60% of milk stored in alveoli and small ducts

What does Epinephrine do?

-inhibits oxytocin
-cows need to be relaxed

What are the steps in the milking procedure?

1. regular time
2. same milker
3. cows primed, massage, dry
4. strip cup
5. predip
6. attach, adjust
7. remove cup
8. post dip
9. feed

What are the most common pathogens for mastitis?

Strep & Staph
-most common : environmental (e. coli)

What is ketosis? How do you treat it? What does their breath smell like?

-sudden decrease in energy
-treated by challenge feeding and DCAD
-breath smells like nail polish remover

What is milk fever?

Deficiency of calcium brought on by rapid demand for milk production after 2nd calf
-treated with calcium gluconate

What is hardware disease? How and where is it treated?

Hardware disease is produced by a sharp object that pierces the stomach wall and gains access to the heart.

- caused by wire/nails stuck in reticulum

-treated w antibiotics and a magnet placed in reticulum to collect whatever is stuck

What is white muscle disease?

selenium or vitamin E deficiency that causes degeneration and necrosis of muscles

How do you treat bloat?

with surfactants and trocar cannula

What are the reasons to cull a cow? Which one is the top reason to cull a cow?

1. low production 26%
2. chronic health, injury 16%
3. mastitis 12%
4. reproduction 22%
5. dairy purposes 9%
6. died 8%

When it comes to judging cattle, which part of the cow has the highest percent in affecting the score?

The udder (40%)
-udder depth relative to hock w/ clearance and capacity
-teats square a plumb
-rear udder attached high and wide and slightly rounded
-udder cleft

What is BST? What does it do and why is it used in dairy cattle?

-bovine somatotropin

-most researched molecule in food animal production

-it is a naturally occurring protein hormone

-safety: not active in humans, naturally present in cow's milk

Mammary Anatomy

Alveoli
Lobule
Lobe
Gland Cistern
Teat Cistern
Furstenburg's Rosette
Streak Canal

What is an Alveoli?

-myoepithelial cells gather raw materials from blood and secrete it into lumen of alveoli
-500 gallons of blood must pass through to make one gallon of milk

What is the purpose of the Lobule?

slight constrictions at each duct to prevent complete drainage of milk

What is a lobe?

group of lobules

What is the purpose of the gland cistern?

The gland cistern holds the milk that was created until it exits through the streak canal

What is a teat cistern?

A teat cistern is a cavity where milk can collect between two milkings.

What is Furstenberg's rosette?

It is located in the internal streak canal of the teat. It radiates into the teat cistern.

It is a barrier for pathogens, but lets milk leave the teat.

What is a streak canal?

passageway for milk out of teat

What is Tall fescue toxicosis?

most common in US
lameness

What is larkspur poisoning?

block nerve-muscle junction
-trembling and death

What are the two types of milking?

Suckling- calf wraps tongue around teat, creates a seal, and then swallows creating a vacuum that draws milk out of teat
Hand milking- thumb and index finger close at top of teat, followed by other fingers squeezing in order, forcing milk from streak canal

what is challenge feeding?

gradual increase in concentrates up to 1.5lbs per 100lbs bodyweight
-start 2-3 weeks before calving