Dr. Brown Anatomy and Physiology Exam 1

anterior

front

posterior

back

superior

up

inferior

down

lateral

side

medial

middle

proximal

close

distal

far

anatomy

structure and identification of organism's bodies and their different sections

physiology

aims to understand the mechanisms of living things

gross anatomy

organs and tissues

histology

study of tissues

cytology

study of cells

cell biology

structure and function of cells

tissue

group of different cells

organ

group of tissues

organ system

group of organs that work together to perform a specific function

organism

living thing

anatomical position

erect, feet forward, arms at side with palms facing forward, head facing forward

dorsal

cranial and spinal

ventral

thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic

cranial

towards head

caudal

towards bottom

a-

not/without

dys-

bad

ex-, exo-

outside

end-, endo-

inner

epi-

around

hem-, hemo-

blood

hyper-

above

hypo-

below

para-

beside

-itis

inflamed

-emia

blood

-phil, -phillic, -philia

love

-phob, -phobic, phobia

scared

arthr-

joint

brachi-

arm

card-

heart

cyt-

cell

derm-

skin

gastr-

stomach

hepat-

liver

hydro-

water

kal-

potassium

my-, myo-

muscle

nephr-

kidney

neur-

nerves

onco-

tumor

sept-

seven

vas-

vessel

leuko-

white

morph-

form

1st level of organization

atom: oxygen, carbon, calcium

2nd level of organization

molecule: water (h2o), nitrogen (n2), ozone (o3)

3rd level of organization

macromolecule: proteins, lipids, carbs

4th level of organization

cell: neurons

5th level of organization

tissue: made up of different cells

6th level of organization

organ: made up of tissues and has a function

7th level of organization

organ system: organs that work together to perform a certain function

8th level of organization

organism: humans

why do we need scientific/medical terminology?

helps medical professionals communicate with each other and is a universal language

homeostasis

balance in your body: when you get hot you sweat, when you get cold you get goosebumps

circulatory (cardiovascular) system

transports oxygen and nutrients

lymphatic system

defense against infection and disease

respiratory system

breathing

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails

endocrine system

regulates metabolism

digestive system

breaking down food into nutrients

urinary system

filters blood and removes toxins

musculoskeletal system

provides shape and movement: muscular and skeletal

nervous system

reactions and processing: central and peripheral

immune system

fights against infection and diseases

reproductive system

helps you to reproduce

chemical symbols for oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, magnesium, iron, iodine, water, and carbon dioxide

o, c, n, ca, p, k, s, na, ch, m, fe, i, h2o, co2

hydroxyl

carbonyl

carboxyl

methyl

amino

sulfhydryl

atom

combine to form molecules, made of electrons protons and neutrons

ion

electrically charged atom or molecule

element

building blocks for all matter

isotope

atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons and electrons

molecule

made up of a single atom or group of atoms

compound

when elements are joined together by strong chemical bonds

organic molecule

long rings or chains of carbon atoms with atoms of other elements attached

functional group

group of specific atoms, or a specific arrangement of atoms

hydrophillic

things that will dissolve in water (ions, polar molecules, electrolytes)

covalent bond

two atoms share an electron- very strong (1st)

ionic bond

two atoms held together by opposing electrical charge

hydrogen bond

two atoms held together by patrial + or - charge- weakest (3rd)

amino acid

building blocks of protein

peptide bond

covalent bond between two amino acids

protein primary structure

sequence of amino acids

protein secondary structure

the folding of the primary structure of a protein. This folding is caused principally by hydrogen bonds. The result is beta-sheets, alpha-helices, and random coils.

protein tertiary structure

three-dimensional shape formed by interactions between R groups

protein quaternary structure

combo of 2 or more polypeptide chains

carbohydrate

compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms: major source of energy for the human body