ptcb pharmacology

Drugs in the same class can be expected to be similar in what ways?

the mechanism of action and the side effects are the same

What is an agonist?

activates receptors

What is an antagonist?

blocks action to the receptors

What is the "stem" endings for Ace Inhibitos?

"Pril"

What is the "stem" endings for ARB's?

"Sartin"

"What is the "stem" endings for Beta Blockers?

"Olol"

What is the "stem" ending for Calcium Channel Blockers?

"Tiazem"

What are the fat soluable vitamins?

A, D, E, K

What type of vitamins (fat or water soluable) may be stored in the body for up to six months?

Fat Soluable Vitamins

What is the major effect of Vitamin D?

Aids in the absorption of Calcium

What is the major effect of Vitamin K?

Necessary for blood clotting

What vitamin is used in prenatal care to prevent birth defects?

Folic Acid

List the common electrolytes....

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium

List one situation in which electrolytes might be given....

Dehydration

Give examples of some local anesthhetics and their indications.....

Orajel- Dental

Preparation H- Hemorrhoid Pain

Lidocain- Sunburn

Epidural- Birth Pain

What is the difference between "local" and "general" anesthesia?

General- Paitent is asleep

Local- Paitent is awake

Which anesthesia (local or general) affects the CNS (central nervous system)?

General, because pain is blocked by depressing the cns causing unconsciousness.

What is diastolic pressure?

the minimum blood pressure when the heart relaxes (the 2nd number)

What is systolic pressure?

the maximum blood pressure when the heart contracts (the 1st number)

Which number represents the systolic number- 110/70

110

What is postural hypotension and what class of medications used to treat hypertension is known to cause this effect?

when the blood pressure drops from when you were in a sitting/lying down position to a standing up position, Alpha1 blockers cause this. examples- Cardura & Hytrin

Potassium supplements are usually given to paitents taking what type of medication?

diuretics

What class of blood pressure medications list cough as a side effect?

ace inhibitors and possibly arbs

Name some over the counter meds that are contraindicted for use in paitents with high blood pressure....

Decongestants (pseudoeffedrine or phenylephrine), diet pills with caffiene, pain relievers (nsaids) *can cause sodium & water retention

What is Angina?

chest pain caused by a lack of oxygen to the heart

What type of meds treat angina?

Nitroglycerine or nitrates (imdur)

How is medications for angina usually administered?

nitrogen tabs- 1 every 5 minutes as needed up to 3 doses. go to e.r. if problem not solved by then.

What routes of administration is nitroglycerine administered?

tablet taken sublingually, a spray or a patch

What is nitroglycerine contrindicted with? (other medications)

viagra and cialis

Cardiac glycosides are used to treat what condition?

Congestive heart failure

Give an example of cardiac glycoside...

Lanoxin-Digoxin

If a paitent is on Lanoxin (Digoxin), what needs to be monitored with lab work?

potassium levels and heart rate

Explain a Narrow Theraputic Index drug....

a drug in which the minimum effective concentration and the minumim toxic concentration are not far apart (the theraputic window is small)

What is the main use (indication) for Coumadin?

its an anticoagulant used to prevent blood clots

What is one major drug interaction with Coumadin?

Asprin...unless its given once daily in prevention of heart attacks.

What is given as an antidote for Coumadin toxicity?

vitamin k

What lab work do people on Coumadin have to have done often?

have their prothrombin time checked frequently (blood clotting time)

Why would apsrin be prescribed to be taken once a day?

prevention of heart attacks

Why should enteric coated asprin be used when it is being prescribed to prevent heart attacks?

it prevents damage to the stomach lining since it is absorbed in the intestines.

Ferrous Sulfate is given for what type of anemia?

Iron deficiency anemia

Cyanocobalmin is used to treat what type of anemia?

B_12 deficiency anemia

List symptoms of hypothyroidism....

decreased metabolism, tiredness, low blood pressure, slow heart rate, weight gain.

What is the treatment of hypothyroidism?

synthroid, levothyroxine

List symptoms of hyperthyroidism....

increased metabolism, increased nervousness, blood pressure, heart rate and energy. weight loss.

What is Clomiphene used to treat?

infertility

What is the role of Oxytocin

stimulates uterine contractions and promotes birth

What is the role of FSH?

stimulates egg production in women

What hormone is involved in the prevention of ovuation? give an example of a brand name drug with this hormone...

Progesterone (hormone) Provera (drug)

What hormone is involved in calcium and phosphorous conservation and is used in hormone replacement therapy?

Estrogen

What is diabetes?

the inability of the body to use glucose as it should

What are symptoms of diabetes?

frequent urination, excessive thirst, elevated blood glucose levels, positive urine glucose and acetone levels.

How is type 1 diabetes treated?

insulin. diet, excersize

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

oral diabetic agents and possibly insulin.diet, excersize

How should insulin be stored and how long can a vial of insulin be kept at room temp?

insulin not being used should be stored in the refridgerator. open vials can be stored at room temp for about 30 days. SOME insulin pens are only stable at room temp for 21 days.

When would glucophage be given to a diabetic paitent?

severe hypogylcemia?

List a few inhalers used to treat asthma....

Albuterol, Salmeterol + Fluticasone (advair)

What tablet is given everyday in the prevention of asthma symptoms?

singulair

what medication is a "rescue inhailer"?

albuterol (proventil, ventolin)

What inhailors contain steroids?

budesonide (pulmicort), fluticasone (flovent), triamcinolone (azmacort)

what otc agent is an antitussiive?

dextromethorphan

what class of meds should paitents with high blood pressure advoid?

decongestants

what are antihistamines used to treat?

inflammation, irritation, pruritis (itching), insomnia (trouble sleeping)

What class of drugs are considered the drug of choice when treating depression?

antidepressants

why are MAOI's not used much anymore?

too many drug interactions, many interactions with common foods, and extensive side effect profile.

what medication might a person be prescribed if diagnosed with alzheimers disease?

Cognex (tacrine) and Aricept (donepezil) Namenda (memantine) Rivastigmine (Exelon) Antidepressants, Sedatives, and antipsychotics.

What conditions may be treated with antipsychotics

Psychological disorders

What medications are used for anxiety?

SSRI's, TCA's, Designes antidepressants and Benzodiazepines

What medications are used to treat migraines?

excedrine migraine, advil migraine, mortin migraine, nsaids, ketorolac, ergotamine, imitres (sumatriptan), fioricet (butalbital/caffeine/acetominophen), zomig (zolmitriptan), lidocaine, opioids, anti-nausea, and all rx nsaids must carry "black box" warning of increased risk for cardiovascular events and gi bleeding in paitents using these drugs

what medications might be given to treat insomnia?

sedatives and antihistamines

What medications reduce inflammation?

anti-inflammatories (motrin)

What medications do not reduce inflamation?

Tylenol or anything containing acetaminophen

What is the maximum daily allowance of tylenol?

400mg

List some schedule 2 drugs...

demerol, dilaudid, percocet, percodan, duragesic, morphine, codeine, methadone, ms contin, oxycontin, tylox

What drugs are given to help prevent bone loss?

actonal, foxamax, boniva

What are the major side effects of pain medication such as vicodin?

constipation, heart palpitations, restlessness, trouble going to sleep, drowsy, dizzy, trouble concentrating

when should asprin not be given to children?

chicken pox or viral infection

Which antibiotic could be given to a paitent who is severely allergic to penicillin?

cephalosporin (zithromax, ceftin)

List some drugs that can cause photosensitivity

septra, bactrum

list an antifungal medication

lamisil, lotrimin

do NOT drink when taking this antibiotic

flagyl

when can an antibiotic have a decreased effectiveness such as tetracycline?

when a paitent is taking calcium or magnesium (antacids)

Name a stool softener....

Colace (Docusate Sodium)

Name some H2 Receptor Antagonists....

Pepcid (Famotidine), Tagamet (Cimetidine), Zantac (Rantididine)

Name some Proton Pump Inhibitors....

Aciphex (Rabeprazole), Nexium (Esomeprazole), Prevacid (Lansoprazole), Prilosec (Omeprazole), Protonix (Pantoprazole)

What are H2 Receptor Antagonists and Proton Pump Inhibotors used to treat?

Acid reflux and Heartburn (gurd)

Name a common laxitive....

Dulcolax (Biscodyl), Miralax (Polyethylene Glycol)