Review of neurology and anatomy

neurofibrils

channel communication from one cell to another

(tangles related to dementia)

mitochondria

cell metabolism

ribosomes

synthesize RNA

lysosomes

intercellular digestion

golgi apparatus

secretion and movement of protein

neuroglial cells

support and protect nerve in white and gray matter

astrocytes

assist blood brain barrier

schwann cells

produce sheath in PNS

what do Schwann cells do

protect the shealth or the coating

schwannoma occurs when

Schwann cells keep splitting and producing

oligodendrocyte (glial cells)

produce myelin sheath in CNS

MS is caused by

damage of the myelin sheath

excessive division of oligodendrocyte can cause

neoplastic growth (tumors) known as gliomas

three types of neurons

association, afferent, and efferent

association

CNS brain and spinal cord

afferent

receptive (peripheral) sense stimuli and send information to the brain

efferent

motor (peripheral) send signals to initiate movement

how many pairs of cranial nerves

12

brain sends information to spinal cord, motor impulses are sent to what

organs

organs send what kind of information to the spinal cord and then to the brain

sensory impulses

grey mater

cell bodies of nerve cells

grey matter is used to process what kind of information

sensory and motor

Grey matter includes

broca’s and wernicke’s

damage in grey matter can cause

aphasia

white matter contains

long filaments of cells

white matter is used for

communication between grey matter areas (Axons)

\-responsible for the speed at which messages are sent

damage in white matter can cause

MS or dementia

Every time you learn something new you create a new …

axon

layers of the brain

skin

skull

dura mater

arachnoid

subarachnoid

piamater

skull has what space

epidural

dura matter is a

thick membrane

dura matter space

subdural space

arachnoid mater is

thin semitransparent vascular membrane

epidural space and subdural space only exist if there is

damage

subarachnoid space

filled with CSF (always there)

piamater

thin transparent on brain surface, follows sulci and gyri, blood vessels pass through it

does piamater normally exist?

no, pathological conditions

Producing the spoken word (areas of the brain)

wernicke’s

arcuate fsciculus

broca’s

motor cortex

visual cortex

angular gyrus

wernicke’s

wernicke’s (producing a spoken word)

activated when accessing the lexicon, interprets lexical entry

\-makes available meaning and pronunciation

arcuate fasciculus (producing a spoken word)

sends phonetic information from wernicke’s to broca’s

Broca’s (producing a spoken word)

interprets information and transmits articulation information to motor cortex

Motor cortex (producing a spoken word)

directs movements of muscles for articulation

is it harder to read in your head or outloud

outloud

visual cortex (reading a word)

processes information received by eyes

angular gyrus (reading a word)

associated written form of word with lexical entry

wernicke’s (reading a word)

activated during lexical access

makes available meaning and pronunciation

auditory perception of a word

auditory cortex

wernicke’s

arcuate fasiculus

brocas

motor cortex

auditory cortex (reception of a word)

process information perceived by ears

wernicke’s (reception of a word)

interprets auditory stimulus and matches to lexical entry

brain requires what % of blood supply

20%

brain consumes what % of oxygen

25%

loss of blood flow to brain for 10 seconds lead to

loss of consciousness

loss of blood flow to brain for 20 seconds lead to

loss of electrical activity

permanent damage occurs when brain losses blood supply for how long

4-6 minutes

arteries

transport nutrients to the brain

nutrients that go to the brain include

oxygen and glucose

veins

carry away waste products

aorta

carries blood away from heart

aortic arch divides into how many branches above the heart

4

\

4 branches of aortic arch

carotid arteries (2)

subclavian arteries (2)

external carotid supplies blood to

face, forehead, nose, and mouth

internal carotid supplied blood to

brain

anterior cerebral artery supplies bllood to

frontal, parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum

damage to ACA causes

paralysis of legs/feet, cognitive deficits

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

largest branch, lateral surface of frontal lobe, sensory and motor cortex, Broca’s and Wernicke’s, angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus

damage to MCA causes

hemiplegia, impaired sensation, reading and writing issues, aphasia

hemiplagia

paralysis on one side of the body

posterior cerebral artery supplies blood to

the occipital lobe, portions of the thalamus, upper brainstem, and midbrain

damage to the PCA causes

vision loss, visual agnosia, visual or color anomia, prosopagnosia

agnosia

loss of the ability to identify objects using one or more senses an

anomia

inability to remember the right words such as names of people or objects

prosopagnosia

inability to recognize faces of familiar people

vertebral arteries come from

two subclavian arteries which supply upper extremities

vertebral arteries join together at the

basilar artery

vertebral arteries divide in upper level of pons to supply to

temporal and occipital lobe

watershed areas

areas where arteries come in close contact to reduce damage in these areas due to redundancy of supply

circle of willis

joins two carotid arteries and two vertebral arteries

Circle of willis provides for

redundancy in blood supply to the brain

blockages below the circle of willis result in

minimal damage

blockages above the circle of willis result in

significant damage

CT is

computerized tomography

infarct causes

decreased tissue density

hemorrhage causes

increased tissue density

ultrasound is used for imaging

newborns for tumors and hemorrhage

MRI is

magnetic resonance imaging

MRI advantages

sharper image, no radiation, better at identifying pathologies, noninvasive (can be repeated)

MRI uses

water density for clear images of bone and soft tissue, and contrasts gray and white brain matter

disadvantages of MRI

length of time, need to be still

EEG is

electroencephalography

EEG measures

electrical activity

EP

evoked potential

ERP

evoked response potential

EEG is good for distinguishing between

critical and subcortical lesions, estimating severity of damage from a nonresponsive patient

SPECT

single photon emission computed tomography

Advantages of SPECT

cost, 3D view of cerebral blood flow, locating epileptic seizure activity

disadvantages of SPECT

not sensitive for discrimination of neoplasm from ischemia

ischemia definition

insufficient blood flow to bodily organs

PET is

position emission tomography

PET detects

areas of CBF, can detect issues of hypometabolism far from site of infarct

disadvantage of PET

more expensive than SPECT