Immanuel Kant

What role do maxims play in Kant’s moral philosophy, and how should they be tested for moral acceptability?

Maxims are subjective principles of action that guide moral decision-making. They must pass the Principle of Universalizability test: If a maxim cannot be universalized without contradiction, it is morally impermissible.

How does the requirement for maxims to be universalizable impact the moral permissibility of individual actions?

It ensures moral objectivity and consistency, Actions that cannot be universalized without contradiction (e.g., lying) are impermissible, as they would undermine trust and rational morality.

What does Kant mean by the Categorical Imperative, and how does it differ from the hypothetical imperatives?

The Categorical Imperative is an unconditional moral law that applies universally. Unlike Hypothetical Imperatives, which are conditional (e.g., “if you want X, do Y”), the Categorical Imperative commands moral duty independent of desires

How does the principle of universalizability function in Kant’s moral philosophy, and why is it essential for determining moral actions?

It tests moral principles by asking, “What if everyone did this?” If a maxim leads to contradiction or moral breakdown, it is impermissible. It ensures fairness and removes exceptions based on self-interest

How does Kant distinguish between actions done in accordance with duty and those done from duty?

Actions in accordance with duty are done for self-interest or external reasons, while actions from duty are done solely out of moral obligation, which gives them true moral worth.

Why does Kant believe that only actions performed from duty possess genuine moral value?

Morality must be based on rational obligation, not external rewards. Acting from duty shows respect for moral law, whereas acting out of personal gain lacks true ethical significance