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What is electric charge?
Property of matter that causes it to experience a force in an electric field.
What are the types of charges?
Positive and negative
What is the law of charges
Like charges repel and opposite charges attract
What is the conservation of charge
Charge is neither created nor destroyed; it is transferred
What are conductors?
Materials that allow electrons to move freely (metals)
What are insulators?
materials that restrict that movement of electrons (rubber, glass)
What are the charging methods?
Friction, conduction, induction
What is the friction charging method
transfer of electrons by rubbing two materials together
What is the charging method of conduction?
Transfer charge by direct contact
What is induction charging method?
Redistribution of charge in an object due to the influence of a nearby charge without direct contact
What is Coulomb’s Law?
Describes the forces between two point charges
Electric force (N)
Charges (C)
Distance between charges (m)
Coulomb’s constant
What is an electric field
A region around a charged object where other charges experience a force
What is the electric field strength?
Electric field (N/C)
Electric force (N)
Test charge (C)
Source charge (C)
Distance from the source charge (m)
What is electric potential energy?
Energy a charge has due to its position in an electric field
What is electric potential (voltage)
Electric potential energy per unit charge
What is capacitance
The ability of a system to store charge per unit voltage
What is a comparison to Newton’s law of gravity to Coulomb’s law
Both are inverse square laws, but Coulomb’s law applies to electric charges, while gravity applies to masses
What is an electric field
A region around a charged object where a force is experience by other charges
What are electric field lines?
Lines show the direction of the electric field; they point away from positive charges and toward negative charges
What are electric dipoles?
a pair of equal and opposite charges separated by a distance
What are the properties of electric dipoles?
In an electric field, dipoles align with the field due to forces acting on the charges
What is the variables for the electric potential energy and electric potential?
Electric potential energy - U
Electric potential - V
What is the relation between electric potential and field
Electric field is the rate of change of potential
What is a semiconductor
Materials with properties between conductors and insulators; used in electronics
What is polarization
In insulators, charges shift slightly in response to nearby charges, creating an attraction
What is an electroscope
A device used to detect electric charge
Charges cause the metal leaves of the electroscope to repel or collapse depending on the charge type
Alike - charges collapse
Different charges - repel
What is Coulomb’s Law
The electrostatic force between two charged objects is proportional to the quantity of each of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges
What is Coulomb’s Law equation
F = kq1-q2/ r²
Q - represents quantity of charge
K - is a constant (Coulomb’s constant)
R - is the distance between the centers of the two charges
What is capacitance
The ability to store charge per unit voltage
Explain how Coulomb’s law compares to Newtons Law of gravity
Coulomb’s law describes the force between electric charges, which is proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance. Newton’s law of gravity describes the force between masses, following a similar inverse-square relationship, it gravity is always attractive, while electric forces can be attractive or repulsive.
what is the difference between conductors, insulators, and semiconductors?
Conductors allow electrons to move freely, making them excellent for transferring charge. Insulators restrict electron movement, preventing charge transfer. Semiconductors have properties between the two, conducting under certain conditions.
Sketch electric field lines around a positive charge
Electric field lines radiate outward from a positive charge and terminate at a negative charge. the density of lines indicates field strength
Why do sparks fly when we shuffle across a carpet on a dry day and then touch a light switch?
Shuffling our feet on a carpet represents a rubbing process between two different materials. The soles of our shoes often made of a rubberlike material and the carpet fibers are usually a synthetic fabric. The rubbing process creates a separation of charge similar to those we have been describing using rods and fabric. The charge that our shoes acquire can flow to other parts of our bodies, which are good conductors. When we touch a light switch, the charge we have acquired discharges, producing the sparks. This is because, when properly wired the switch is grounded. This means that external parts of the switch are connected via wires and other conductors are connected to the Earth, which serves as a large sink for charge. the excess charge on our bodies is discharged to the ground via the switch
What are examples of conductors?
Copper, silver, iron, gold, salt solution, and acids
What are examples of insulators?
Glass, plastic, ceramics, paper, and oil
What are good examples of semiconductors?
Silicon and germanium
What is Coulomb’s constant?
K = 9 ×10^9 N x m²/C²
What is foes 1 uC =?
10^-6 C
What is a volt?
1 joule per coulomb equals 1 volt
Note 
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